西太平洋暖池区的海气通量及整体交换系数

根据西太平洋海域弱风、高温、潮湿的大气状态特征,提出了在光滑面存在粘性副层气流中的廓线的层结订正方案。用此模式对西太平洋暖池区ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ期间,在向阳红５号船（２°Ｓ,１５４°Ｅ）获取的海面风、温、湿梯度资料进行了处理。计算结果显示西太平洋暖池区贴水层气流中不稳定层结占５０％－８０％,其中很不稳定的占１０．３％;该海区海气通量和整体交换系数受层结影响远大于受风速的影响;海气通量和整体交换系数随不稳定程度增加而增大,在相同风速下量值可相差４倍以上;其变化范围为０．３×１０－３—３．２×１０－３。由此可见,层结的影响使它们的变化大于其它海区的结果。在ｕ１０＝０－１０ｍ／ｓ范围内,中性化整体交换系数平均为ＣＤＮ＝１．２×１０－３,ＣＨＮ＝１．１４×１０－３,ＣＥＮ＝１．１９×１０－３,与Ｌａｒｇｅ和Ｐｏｎｄ（１９８１,１９８２）不稳定条件的研究结果相差无几。     

海洋中碳及营养物自然分布的数值模拟

用海洋生物化学环流模式（Ｂ－ ＧＣＭ） 模拟了工业化前碳及营养物在海洋中的分布, 并得到了较为合理的结果。模式考虑了海洋表面化学和一个简单的生物过程。模式的主要预报变量有总ＣＯ２ 、碱度和磷酸盐。决定生物化学物质分布的三个参数的取值为： ＰＯＣ 通量的垂直廓线的指数ａ 取观测值０－８５８ 、生物生产效率ｒ ＝ ２／ 年和下落比Ｒ＝ ０－０６ 。用Ｂ－ＧＣＭ 模拟出的结果与ＧＥＯＳＥＣＳ观测值基本相符。     

用K理论研究南京大厂地区污染物扩散

本文用三维K理论扩散方程对南京大厂地区污染物浓度分布特征进行了讨论。在K理论扩散方程中,输入的风速廓线、扩散系数廓线采用Businger通量廓线关系式。用塔层风资料求取了南京地区近地面特征量。用具有四阶精度的Chapeau函数方法对三维K理论扩散方程进行数值求解,计算了大厂地区SO_2年平均浓度分布,和实测值基本上吻合。本文还研究了忽略水平扩散系数、不考虑风速随高度变化,对污染物地面浓度分布的影响。结果表明:在点源的下风方1—5千米范围内,不管是较强的还是较弱的风,忽略水平扩散系数都会使计算的地面浓度估计过高;忽略风速随高度的变化,会给计算带来一定的误差。     

欧洲风廓线仪计划

欧洲风廓线仪计划欧洲科技合作研究（ＣＯＳＴ７４）计划是由欧洲共同体委员会发起一项合作性大胆尝试。ＣＯＳＴ７４始于１９８７年，旨在促进欧洲风廓线仅站网的发展和建立。目前已有１２个欧洲国家参加了ＣＯＳＴ７４计划，它们是：奥地利、芬兰、德国、法国、意大利、...     

农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究

利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系     

华南地区大气气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱分布的初步研究

为了提供讨论华南地区酸性降水形成机制的背景资料，１９８８年１月与８－９月，在广州、柳州、韶关、南宁、阳朔、龙门使用Ａｎｄｅｒｓｅｎ气溶胶分级采样器采集了分级气溶胶样品，并对水溶性的Ｆ＾－、Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾－－、Ｎａ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｃａ＾＋＋、Ｍｇ＾＋＋进行了分析。结果表明，在工业城市中粗粒态粒子显著多于清洁地区。工业城市气溶胶水溶性成分中的ＳＯ４＾－－、Ｃａ＾＋＋显著高于清     

基于腔增强吸收光谱技术的气体探测研究

以近红外可调谐半导体激光器为光源,以反射率为９９７％左右的平凹镜组成的稳定光学谐振腔作吸收池,构建起一套腔增强吸收光谱（ＣＥＡＳ）系统;以二氧化碳气体（ＣＯ２）、一氧化碳气体（ＣＯ）、甲烷气体（ＣＨ４）以及一氧化碳和二氧化碳的混合气体为样品,利用分子在近红外波段的特征吸收,研究了在近红外波段用ＣＥＡＳ技术探测ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４ 等气体的可行性;同时也对基于可调谐半导体激光器的ＣＥＡＳ系统中激光器的波长定标、谐振腔（吸收池）的透射特征等做了研究,获得了ＣＯ、ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４以及ＣＯ和ＣＯ２ 混合气体的特征吸收谱,最后对ＣＥＡＳ技术在定量测量方面的能力做了研究．研究结果表明,ＣＥＡＳ技术的探测灵敏度可达５６８７×１０－７ｃｍ－１,是一种装置简单、操作方便、灵敏度高、稳定性好的定量吸收光谱技术．     

TOGA-COAREIOP海表通量估算

使用ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ１９９２年１１月５日至１９９３年２月１９日向阳红５号海上船舶（２°Ｓ，１５６°Ｅ）观测资料，通过３种不同的总体方法估算了这个点的海表面通量。首先得出一个中性拖曳系数和风速之间的准线性关系，然后用迭代法处理依赖于稳定度的拖曳系数和输送系数，在此基础上计算了动量、感热和潜热通量。在暖池区与西风相对应的通量远大于东信风相对应的通量，海表通量的量值也依赖于稳定度，特别是在弱风条件下。估算的海表净热量平衡表明从海洋向大气大量的热输送主要是由潜热通量和有效长波辐射产生的。其中潜热通量的数值最大、感热通量数值最小。最后和同期日本Ｒ／ＶＨａｋｕｈｏ考察船（０°，１５６°Ｅ）用涡动相关法得到的直接测量通量比较，作了精确度分析，表明用总体方法估算的通量是可靠的。并用向阳红５号船的资料估算的有效长波辐射和直接测量值作了比较，也和热带西太平洋ＴＯＧＡ调查作了比较分析。     

光滑海面上风、温、湿廓线的层结订正模式及海气整体交换系数

详细介绍了光滑面标量粗糙度ＺＴ,Ｚｑ与风速粗糙度Ｚ０的相似表达式,论述了把Ｍｏｎｉｎ－Ｏｂｕｋｈｏｖ相似理论推广到光滑面上湍流气层的合理性,从而得到光滑面风、温、湿层结订正廓线与粗糙面廓线相统一的形式。总结了用该模式处理的三个海上梯度观测资料的计算结果,揭示出了微风时通过光滑海面的海气通量及整体交换系数受层结影响远大于风速影响的特征。并给出光滑界面上不同层结的整体交换系数随风速变化的拟合公式。     

西太平洋区域二甲硫酸及其他硫化物的模拟研究

本文利用一维光化学模式，以二甲硫醚（ＤｉｍｅｔｈｙｌＳｕｌｆｉｄｅ，简称ＤＭＳ）为源模拟了西太平洋对流层的硫化物循环。ＤＭＳ海－气通量由“ｓｔａｇｎａｎｔ－ｆｉｌｍ”模式进行计算。尽管海洋大气中ＯＣＳ浓度比ＤＭＳ大一个量级，但它对ＳＯ２的贡献很小，ＤＭＳ仍是海洋大气中ＳＯ２的主要源。在大气垂直湍流输送过程中，ＤＭＳ白天与ＯＨ反应，夜间与ＮＯ３反应被氧化成ＳＯ２，ＳＯ２大部分通过非均相转化形成Ｈ２ＳＯ４。模拟结果与ＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－Ａ观测资料对比，取得了较好的一致性。     

A lagrangian random-walk model for simulating water vapor,CO2 and sensible heat flux densities and scalar profiles over and within a soybean canopy

An integrated canopy micrometeorological model is described for calculating CO₂, water vapor and sensible heat exchange rates and scalar concentration profiles over and within a crop canopy. The integrated model employs a Lagrangian random walk algorithm to calculate turbulent diffusion. The integrated model extends previous Lagrangian modelling efforts by employing biochemical, physiological and micrometeorological principles to evaluate vegetative sources and sinks. Model simulations of water vapor, CO₂ and sensible heat flux densities are tested against measurements made over a soybean canopy, while calculations of scalar profiles are tested against measurements made above and within the canopy. The model simulates energy and mass fluxes and scalar profiles above the canopy successfully. On the other hand, model calculations of scalar profiles inside the canopy do not match measurements.The tested Lagrangian model is also used to evaluate simpler modelling schemes, as needed for regional and global applications. Simple, half-order closure modelling schemes (which assume a constant scalar profile in the canopy) do not yield large errors in the computation of latent heat (LE) and CO₂ (F _c ) flux densities. Small errors occur because the source-sink formulation of LE andF _c are relatively insensitive to changes in scalar concentrations and the scalar gradients are small. On the other hand, complicated modelling frames may be needed to calculate sensible heat flux densities; the source-sink formulation of sensible heat is closely coupled to the within-canopy air temperature profile.     

Estimation of surface heat and momentum fluxes using the flux-variance method above uniform and non-uniform terrain

Eddy-correlation measurements above an uneven-aged forest, a uniform-irrigated bare soil field, and within a grass-covered forest clearing were used to investigate the usefulness of the fluxvariance method above uniform and non-uniform terrain. For this purpose, the Monin and Obukhov (1954) variance similarity functions were compared with direct measurements. Such comparisons were in close agreement for momentum and heat but not for water vapor. Deviations between measured and predicted similarity functions for water vapor were attributed to three factors: 1) the active role of temperature in surface-layer turbulence, 2) dissimilarity between sources and sinks of heat and water vapor at the ground surface, and 3) the non-uniformity in water vapor sources and sinks. It was demonstrated that the latter non-uniformity contributed to horizontal gradients that do not scale with the vertical flux. These three factors resulted in a turbulence regime that appeared more efficient in transporting heat than water vapor for the dynamic convective sublayer but not for the dynamic sublayer. The agreement between eddy-correlation measured and flux-variance predicted sensible heat flux was better than that for latent heat flux at all three sites. The flux-variance method systematically overestimated the latent heat flux when compared to eddy-correlation measurements. It was demonstrated that the non-uniformity in water vapor sources reduced the surface flux when compared to an equivalent uniform terrain subjected to identical shear stress, sensible heat flux, and atmospheric water vapor variance. Finally, the correlation between the temperature and water vapor fluctuations was related to the relative efficiency of surface-layer turbulence in removing heat and water vapor. These relations were used to assess critical assumptions in the derivation of the flux-variance formulation.     

Water vapour flux profiles in the convective boundary layer

Summary Water vapour flux profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer have been derived from measurements of water vapour density fluctuations by a ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and of vertical wind fluctuations by a ground-based Doppler lidar. The data were collected during the field experiment LITFASS-2003 in May/June 2003 in the area of Lindenberg, Germany. The eddy-correlation method was applied, and error estimates of ±50 W/m² for latent heat flux were found. Since the sampling error dominates the overall measurement accuracy, time intervals between 60 and 120 min were required for a reliable flux calculation, depending on wind speed. Rather large errors may occur with low wind speed because the diurnal cycle restricts the useful interval length. In the lower height range, these measurements are compared with DIAL/radar-RASS fluxes. The agreement is good when comparing covariance and error values. The lidar flux profiles are well complemented by tower measurements at 50 and 90 m above ground and by area-averaged near surface fluxes from a network of micrometeorological stations. Water vapour flux profiles in the convective boundary layer exhibit different structures mainly depending on the magnitude of the entrainment flux. In situations with dry air above the boundary layer a positive entrainment flux is observed which can even exceed the surface flux. Flux profiles which linearly increase from the surface to the top of the boundary layer are observed as well as profiles which decrease in the lower part and increase in the upper part of the boundary layer. In situations with humid air above the boundary layer the entrainment flux is about zero in the upper part of the boundary layer and the profiles in most cases show a linear decrease.     

Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand. Part II: Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour

This is the second paper describing a study of the turbulence regimes and exchange processes within and above an extensive Douglas-fir stand. The experiment was conducted on Vancouver Island during a two-week rainless period in July and August 1990. Two eddy correlation units were operated in the daytime to measure the fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour and other turbulence statistics at various heights within and above the stand. Net radiation was measured above the overstory using a stationary net radiometer and beneath the overstory using a tram system. Supplementary measurements included soil heat flux, humidity above and beneath the overstory, profiles of wind speed and air temperature, and the spatial variation of sensible heat flux near the forest floor.The sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes above the stand accounted for, on average, 83% of the available energy flux. On some days, energy budget closure was far better than on others. The average value of the Bowen ratio was 2.1 above the stand and 1.4 beneath the overstory. The mid-morning value of the canopy resistance was 150–450 s/m during the experiment and mid-day value of the Omega factor was about 0.20. The daytime mean canopy resistance showed a strong dependence on the mean saturation deficit during the two-week experimental period.The sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes beneath the overstory accounted for 74% of the available energy flux beneath the overstory. One of the reasons for this energy imbalance was that the small number of soil heat flux plates and the short pathway of the radiometer tram system was unable to account for the large horizontal heterogeneity in the available energy flux beneath the overstory. On the other hand, good agreement was obtained among the measurements of sensible heat flux made near the forest floor at four positions 15 m apart.There was a constant flux layer in the trunk space, a large flux divergence in the canopy layer, and a constant flux layer above the stand. Counter-gradient flux of sensible heat constantly occurred at the base of the canopy.The transfer of sensible heat and water vapour was dominated by intermittent cool downdraft and warm updraft events and dry downdraft and moist updraft events, respectively, at all levels. For sensible heat flux, the ratio of the contribution of cool downdrafts to that of warm updrafts was greater than one in the canopy layer and less than one above the stand and near the forest floor.     

The intermittent vertical heat flux over a spruce forest canopy

Vertical heat and momentum fluxes were measured by the eddy correlation method under near-neutral conditions during both day and night above a spruce forest canopy. Results show that 50% of the heat transported to the spruce canopy during night and away from the canopy during the day occurs in extreme magnitude events, the majority of less than one second duration. Extreme-magnitude events were more frequent and lasted longer during the day than during the night. The distributions of the duration of extreme events in the same direction as the net heat flux and the turbulence intensity for both day and night were similar.During the night, the mean horizontal windspeed was about 1 m s^-1 and the measured coincident transport of momentum and heat accounted for 36% of the total heat flux. The predominant mechanism of forced convection during the extreme nightime heat transport events was excess heat sweeps in which the duration of the event is usually less than 1 s. During the day, the mean horizontal windspeed was about 2 m s ^-1 and the measured coincident transport of momentum and heat accounted for only 16% of the total heat flux. Local free convection was suggested to account for 27% of the total heat flux. The predominant mechanism of mixed convection during the extreme daytime heat transport events is deficit heat inward interactions. During both night and day, about 10% of the total heat transport occurred in extreme events working against the thermal gradient.Now atPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.     

Energy balance comparison of the Hartheim forest and an adjacent grassland site during the HartX experiment

Summary Energy balance components over a grassland surface were compared to those obtained above an adjacent, uniform Scots pine plantation during a five-day period of fine, sunny, spring weather. Soils were judged to contain ample water. Shortwave and total radiation flux densities were measured at both sites with pyranometers and total pyrradiometers. Soil heat flux densities were measured with heat flux plates at both sites, and additional storage changes were estimated for air and canopy at the forest site. The forest gained more shortwave energy than the grassland during daytime because of its lower albedo, but it lost more longwave radiation at night. The turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent energy were evaluated with the Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) method at both sites. Temperature and humidity gradients were measured with fixed psychrometers at the grassland site, and with interchanging psychrometers at the forest site. Mean daily evapotranspiration (ET) averaged 2.26 mm over the five days for the Scots pine, or only 57 percent of the 3.94 mm measured at the grassland site. The mean Bowen ratios were 2.6 and 0.8, respectively.An error analysis was carried out for the BREB estimates of latent heat flux at the two sites. For a given error in latent heat flux and at a specified Bowen ratio the demands on accuracy of dry- and wet-bulb temperature gradients above the rough forest canopy was found to be 10 times higher than above the smoother grassland. If additionally the observed differences in transpiration rates between the two sites were taken into account, the precision for temperature gradient measurements above the slowly transpiring forest becomes fortyfold greater than required above the rapidly transpiring grass. At present, BREB precision requirements for gradients above rougher, drier canopies appear achievable only through use of specialized instrumentation, such as measurement systems that incorporate interchangeable psychrometers into their design.With 9 Figures     

沙漠土壤和大气边界层中水热交换和传输的数值模拟研究

为了解沙漠土壤和大气边界层系统中的水分和能量的交换和传输特征，本文发展了一个一维耦合模式，其中包括一个同时考虑土壤中液态水及气态水运动的沙漠土壤模式和一个基于非局地过渡湍流闭合方案的大气边界层模式。用这一耦合模式对沙漠土壤和大气界面的水热交换及沙漠土壤和大气边界层中的水热输送过程进行了模拟，同时与ＨＥＩＦＥ（ＨｅｉｈｅＲｉｖｅｒＢａｓｉｎＦｉｅｌｄＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ）沙漠站的有关资料进行了对比。模拟结果表明约６５％的净辐射能以感热（５０％）和潜热（１５％）的形式提供大气，约３５％的净辐射能以地热流量的形式进入土壤。土壤表层２ｃｍ的范围表现为水热传输的活跃层，水分和温度廓线呈现剧烈的日变化。模拟结果同时表明沙漠土壤中水分传输以气态水为主，如果忽略土壤中的气态水运动，地气界面的水汽通量计算及边界层内的湿度及水汽通量的计算会产生较大的误差     

The Turbulent Lagrangian Time Scale in Forest Canopies Constrained by Fluxes,Concentrations and Source Distributions

One-dimensional Lagrangian dispersion models, frequently used to relate in-canopy source/sink distributions of energy, water and trace gases to vertical concentration profiles, require estimates of the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed, which can be measured, and the Lagrangian time scale, T _L , which cannot. In this work we use non-linear parameter estimation to determine the vertical profile of the Lagrangian time scale that simultaneously optimises agreement between modelled and measured vertical profiles of temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations within a 40-m tall temperate Eucalyptus forest in south-eastern Australia. Modelled temperature and concentration profiles are generated using Lagrangian dispersion theory combined with source/sink distributions of sensible heat, water vapour and CO₂. These distributions are derived from a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmospheric-Transfer model subject to multiple constraints: (1) daytime eddy flux measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO₂ above the canopy, (2) in-canopy lidar measurements of leaf area density distribution, and (3) chamber measurements of CO₂ ground fluxes. The resulting estimate of Lagrangian time scale within the canopy under near-neutral conditions is about 1.7 times higher than previous estimates and decreases towards zero at the ground. It represents an advance over previous estimates of T _L , which are largely unconstrained by measurements.     

Automated in-situ monitoring of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations and gradients

A fully automated system measuring C2–C6 hydrocarbon concentrations and vertical gradients was installed at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, using a gas chromatograph with dual flame ionization detectors and cryogenic sample preconcentration. Measurements were made simultaneously at two heights above the forest canopy at forty five minute intervals, continuously from July 1992 to the present. Data for concentration gradients were combined with CO₂ flux measured by eddy correlation to determine the rates of production of biogenic hydrocarbons by the forest.