2014年秋季长株潭城市群一次典型霾污染天气过程的气象特征及成因分析

利用长株潭地区地面空气质量监测资料、常规地面气象资料及NCEP再分析资料和MODIS火点监测资料,结合HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模式,对2014年10月1718日长株潭地区一次严重霾天气过程的空气污染特征和成因进行综合分析。研究表明,长株潭地区此次严重霾天气污染事件的主要污染物为PM2.5,安徽南部和江西西北部地区秸秆焚烧产生的颗粒物,经高空偏东北气流引导输送到长株潭地区,是这次大范围烟霾天气的主要来源。长株潭地区西部高空槽区宽广,槽前西南气流较为强盛,地面受均压场控制,水平风速弱,为严重霾污染天气的维持提供了有利的环流条件。中低层逆温和大气底层湿度的增加,使污染物粒子不断累积;近地面连续静（小）风和风向的频繁转变,不利于污染物粒子的水平扩散;中下层弱的下沉气流、较低的混合层高度有利于污染物的垂直累积,为此次重度霾污染天气的发展、加强提供了有利的气象条件。     

欧亚积雪与京津冀秋季10—11月霾日频数年际变率的联系及其可能机制

基于1980—2017年京津冀地区定时观测资料、欧亚陆面积雪资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）再分析资料,美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）再分析资料以及英国哈德莱中心提供的海冰密集度资料,分析了秋季10—11月京津冀霾日频数年际变率与同期欧亚积雪的物理联系,并通过气候统计诊断和敏感性试验探讨了积雪异常影响京津冀10—11月霾日频数年际变率的可能机理。结果表明,10—11月京津冀霾日频数年际变率与同期东欧—西伯利亚平原地区（记为R_Eu;50°~60°N,40°~80°E）积雪厚度和积雪覆盖度均呈现显著的正相关关系。R_Eu积雪正异常与其西北侧的挪威海—巴伦支海海域以及北欧到东欧地区上空大气冷源密切联系,该冷源可激发一个自上述区域途经R_Eu一直到东北亚的准正压大尺度纬向Rossby波列来调制影响京津冀霾日频数年际变率的关键环流系统,即东北亚异常反气旋。上述异常环流背景下,京津冀地区对流层低层为偏南风异常所控制,稳定大气层结易于建立,边界层高度偏低、地面风速偏弱且相对湿度偏高。该环境条件有利于霾天气发生发展,使得同期霾日偏多。作为预测信号,当前期9月楚科奇海—西波弗特海海冰偏少（多）时,10—11月京津冀霾日可能偏多（少）。     

安徽省不同等级雾和重度霾时空分布特征及地面气象条件比较

雾和霾都是低能见度天气,生成条件相似。利用安徽78个地面站逐时观测资料,基于雾、霾发生物理条件,建立了不同等级雾日和重度霾日的观测诊断方法,重建了不同等级雾和重度霾的时序资料。根据各站强浓雾发生的同步性,将安徽分为5个雾、霾分布特征不同的区域,探讨了各区域不同等级雾及重度霾出现时地面气象条件的异同。结果表明:（1）安徽省强浓雾主要是辐射雾。强浓雾、浓雾和大雾空间分布形势大体一致,淮河以北东、西部和江南都属于强浓雾高发区,但各地强浓雾的时、空分布特征和影响系统不同;重度霾有明显的北多、南少、山区最少的分布特征。（2）强浓雾年变化呈双峰型分布,峰值在1月和4月,日变化为单峰型,峰值在06时;而重度霾年变化为单峰型,峰值在1月,日变化为双峰型。（3）在强浓雾的高发时段（02—08时）,强浓雾时降温幅度最大,比重度霾平均高1℃,风速显著偏低,超过75%的样本风速低于1.5 m/s,且无明显主导风向;而重度霾时,风速比雾时明显要大,个别区域有超过75%的样本风速大于1.5 m/s,且以西北风到东北风为主。说明重度霾能否演变为强浓雾的关键地面气象因子是风速、风向和降温幅度。      

北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。     

哈尔滨春季一次罕见重度霾天气成因分析

利用气象、环境、卫星遥感火点监测等资料，从环流形势、气象要素、污染物和污染传输特征等方面对哈尔滨2018年4月4日夜间至5日白天罕见重度霾天气成因进行分析。结果表明，此次重度霾天气首要污染物为PM2.5，污染最重时PM2.5浓度高达507μg?m-3，秸秆焚烧是污染物的主要来源，既有本地源又有外地源，利用HYSPLIT模型模拟出这次重度霾天气污染传输特征。重度霾时段，近地面风速小，为1.5m·s-1左右，最小为0.1m·s-1，风向呈弱气旋性辐合、湿度增大有利于形成霾。低层存在较强的贴地逆温，逆温层顶高度约为100m,逆温强度约为1.5℃/100m，不利于污染物在垂直方向上扩散。地面均压场和高空弱高压脊、暖锋锋区和暖平流为这次重度霾天气提供了有利的大气环流背景条件。     

西安市霾天气与清洁天气变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2006-2012年西安市污染物质量浓度、气象站逐时地面风场、相对湿度和能见度等资料,依据霾天气的定义统计理论霾日数,对比人工观测霾日与判据统计理论霾日的合理性,通过对霾天气与清洁天气过程的气象条件分析,分析西安市霾天气与清洁天气过程的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明：2006-2012年西安市霾天气过程在干季发生频率较高,湿季发生较少。地面风场对霾天气过程影响较大,绝大部分霾天气过程的日平均风速＜1.5 m·s^-1;干季大部分霾天气过程日平均风速≤1.0 m·s^-1,极端个例甚至在0.5 m·s^-1以下。清洁天气过程在干季发生次数多于湿季,主要与干季风速较大和湿度较小相关。     

基于L波段雷达资料的威宁降雪天气预报模型初探

利用威宁站逐日地面降雪观测资料和L波段雷达每天08时、20时的探空资料,采用数理统计方法,分析2008—2019年探空各规定标准等压面温度、湿度和风向风速的分布特征,找出其降雪预报指标,建立降雪预报模型。结果表明：①威宁降雪天气主要与中低层的湿度及其风向风速、近地面~500 hPa的温度关系密切;②降雪预报模型主要包含湿度指标（H_近地面≥80%、H₇₀₀≥80%、H₆₀₀≥60%）、温度指标（T_近地面≤0.5 ℃、T₇₀₀≤-1.2 ℃、T₆₀₀≤-4.8 ℃、T₅₀₀≤-8.2 ℃）和风向风速指标（V_近地面≤5 m·s^-1、V₆₀₀≥17 m·s^-1）3个方面,随着高度的增加,风速增大,南北风切变明显;当湿度、温度指标同时满足时,直接判断将有降雪天气出现,不再进行风向风速指标的判别;③预报模型对2020年冬季(12月、1月、2月)降雪进行检验,其预报准确率达70%,预报可靠性高,对威宁降雪预报具有较强的指导性。     

我国西北大规模太阳能与风能发电场建设产生的可能气候效应

作为取之不尽的清洁能源,太阳能和风能将是未来潜力最大的可再生能源,是解决全球变暖、能源短缺、环境恶化等问题的有效途径。然而太阳能和风能的能量密度偏小,大规模建设太阳能和风能发电场将改变大面积的地表属性,有可能通过陆气相互作用过程,改变局地和区域气候,甚至有可能通过遥相关过程,产生更大的气候影响。本文利用RegCM4.5区域数值模式,模拟了在我国西北干旱和半干旱区域建设太阳能和风力发电场的气候效应,分析表明:（1）在西北地区大规模建立太阳能和风能发电场将导致局地地面净短波辐射增加,地表感热通量升高,近地面气温升高,增加新疆西部地区、河西走廊地区和我国黄淮等地的降水量,而华北部分地区降水减少。（2）地表反照率对气候的影响大于地表粗糙度对气候的影响,因此太阳能利用导致的气候效应大于风能利用的影响。（3）反照率改变导致低层形成气旋性环流,我国中部地区出现南风异常,西北地区产生异常东风;在高层形成反气旋环流,可以影响我国大部分地区。（4）当只在西北地区20%的面积上建立太阳能和风能发电场时,局地近地面气温不会产生明显的改变,河西走廊地区的降水稍有增加,环流的改变较弱,基本不会有显著的气候影响。     

温州一次重度霾天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、探空站资料、环保部门提供的AQI监测数据,对2015年1月26—27日温州地区重度霾天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:此次重度霾过程影响时间之长,影响之严重,在温州霾气象记录中是十分罕见的;高空3层西北气流控制,风速较小,静稳天气,地面冷空气扩散南下,将浙北方污染物推至浙南,重度霾天气是由北方污染物输入和本地污染物叠加,地面存在弱辐合,近地面又存在逆温层不利于水汽和污染物在垂直方向扩散,利于大气颗粒污染物在浙南温州地区堆积,使得霾污染天气稳定维持;此后,冷空气主体南下,风速加大,气象扩散条件转好,污染物扩散至海上或福建,霾渐消散。     

河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.