2010年2月辽宁地区冻雨天气诊断分析

应用常规天气资料,从天气、气候及大气物理量场等方面,对2010年2月下旬发生在辽宁地区历史罕见的冰冻雨雪灾害性天气发生发展的成因、主要特征以及造成严重灾害的主要原因进行诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa低涡分裂的小槽东移是冻雨天气的环流背景;700 hPa源源不断的水汽输送和低层辐合作用是降水产生的基本条件。地面强冷空气是冻雨天气的触发机制;高层为冷的冰晶层,对流层中低层有温度t>0℃的暖的融化层,近地面1-2 km为气温t<0℃的冷层,同时地面达到 0℃以下,这种复杂的逆温层是冻雨产生的天气条件。高层暖平流是维持中空暖层结构的重要条件之一,对暖层的建立和破坏起较大作用,暖层消失冻雨天气也随之结束。中低空水汽饱和度、地面温度和中低空上升、下沉运动与冻雨的强度有密切关系。     

2018年初江西中北部冻雨暴雪天气过程特征及成因

2018年1月下旬,江西省中北部出现严重雨雪冰冻灾害天气,覆冰和积雪持续时间长达7 d,其间多次出现罕见的雨雪相态转换,先后经历了雨、冻雨、雪、冻雨、雪5个复杂过程。文中对此次天气过程的相态转换特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明： 1） 在有利的环流背景下,西风带小槽发展东移并携带冷空气南下,破坏850 hPa高度层附近的暖性逆温层,是冻雨转雪的重要因素,而700 hPa高度层上西南急流的脉动、偏南风增强为雪转冻雨提供了动力和热力条件。2） 冻雨发生时最强风切变出现在925—850 hPa高度层,降雪发生时出现在850—700 hPa高度层。两次冻雨转降雪过程中,上升运动均增强,降雪时低层辐合、高层辐散强度较冻雨时强。3） 近地面气温接近05 ℃时,850 hPa高度层冷暖平流对中低层大气的降温和升温作用至关重要,冷平流的降温作用剧烈,而暖平流的升温作用需要持续输送。暖层消失,冻雨即可转降雪;雪转冻雨时850 hPa和700 hPa高度层温度升至1 ℃,暖层内最高温度达2 ℃,相态的转变落后于暖性逆温层的形成。4） 此次过程中,九江地区发生雨转冻雨以及冻雨转雪过程,地面气温下降明显。雨转冻雨时,气温≤-05 ℃;冻雨转降雪时,气温≤-1 ℃。雪转冻雨时,地面温度略有上升,仍在-1 ℃以下。高山站气温的持续上升,对雪转冻雨天气有指示意义。     

基于探空资料的江西典型冻雨天气过程垂直结构分析

利用探空资料和地面观测资料,对1959—2008年发生在江西的典型冻雨天气过程的大气垂直结构进行了分析。结果表明:冻雨的形成与大气饱和层、冰晶层、暖层、逆温层、冷层及特征物理量等因素的关系密切。对流层中下层的大气呈饱和或准饱和的逆温状态,饱和层顶位于暖层之上是冻雨发生的主要层结特征。冰晶层底部的平均高度为675hPa,平均厚度为2309m;暖层底部的平均高度为834hPa,平均温度为4.1℃,平均厚度为1765m;逆温层的平均温差为7.5℃;冷层的平均厚度为1668m,平均最低温度为-3.9℃;平均地面最低温度为-1.2℃;冻雨发生时大气整层比湿积分指数须增大为1000以上,干暖盖强度指数须降到-5℃以下。     

1960—2013年北京地区冻雨天气过程特征分析

利用地面气象站的观测资料、观象台的探空资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对1960—2013年北京地区20个地面气象观测站冻雨天气过程的特征及其发生条件进行了分析。结果表明:1960—2013年北京地区11月至翌年4月均可能出现冻雨天气,北京东南部的大兴区和通州区、西北部的昌平区为冻雨发生相对较频繁的地区。低层丰富的水汽和抬升条件有利于冻雨天气的出现,大气层结的垂直结构可分为无融化层(整层<0℃)和有融化层(冷—暖—冷)两类,两种类型冻雨出现的概率相当(各占50%)。通过对北京地区冻雨天气过程典型个例的对比研究发现:850—700hPa暖平流对逆温强度的变化有重要影响;无融化层时,云顶高度较高,700hPa以下气层温度为-10~0℃,降水以过冷却水的形式降落至地面发生冻结形成冻雨;有融化层时,湿层较浅薄(位于850hPa以下),暖湿空气在近地层的"冷垫"上滑行,是此类冻雨发生的有利因素之一。     

中国东北地区两场罕见冻雨过程的对比分析

2020年11月17～20日（过程1）和2021年11月7～11日（过程2）在中国东北地区发生了两场历史罕见的冻雨事件，给吉林和黑龙江两省造成了异常严重的灾害。本文利用NCEP/NCAR和EC-ERA5再分析资料、地面气象要素实况和探空资料，对这两次冻雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明，地面关键影响系统均为北上发展加强的江淮气旋，冻雨区均位于地面暖锋北部冷空气一侧的等压线密集带中。冻雨形成过程存在差异，过程1主要表现为先有地面降温形成“冷垫”，之后气旋携带的暖空气在“冷垫”上爬升并配合850 hPa暖锋维持；过程2则表现为大量暖湿空气向北输送，地面气温回升，850 hPa暖舌发展，被抬升的暖湿空气降落在前期较冷的下垫面上形成冻雨。冻雨发生时，水汽条件丰沛，并伴有上升速度和锋区的明显加强。温度层结呈现“冷—暖—冷”三明治型垂直分布特征，即低空有逆温层且有融化层和近地面有冻结层同时存在。两次过程均符合多数北方冻雨的“冰相融化”机制。过程1逆温层顶高度、逆温强度及最大融化层厚度均强于过程2，且逆温持续时间长，导致电线积冰厚度差异明显。地形对冻雨有一定的影响。最后提炼出一个东北冻雨天气的三维结构模...     

湖北省一次大风降温天气个例分析

对2002年4月15日晚到16日08时发生在湖北省内的一次大风降温天气的主要影响天气系统，如：高空槽、中低层暖式切迹线、地面冷锋以及地面暖低压倒槽进行了描述和分析，并对某些物理量进行了分析。分析得出：这次大风、降温天气是在高空500hPa冷槽与暖槽合并、中低层冷槽与暖式切变线接合以及地面冷锋切入暖低压倒槽等天气诉作用下发生的，并归纳出此类天气预报的指示系统。     

安徽省南部两次冻雨天气过程对比分析

基于逐时气象观测资料和一日4次ERA-Interim再分析资料对2018年1月4一7日(第一次过程)和24—27日(第二次过程)安徽省南部(简称皖南)两次冻雨过程中冻雨分布、时间演变及环流特征进行分析,结果表明:通过自动气象观测仪器的风速突然降为0 m·s~(-1)、风向固定不动,可大致推测出冻雨出现时间,比人工观测到冻雨出现时间早。两次冻雨天气均是在准静止锋天气下出现的,但导致冻雨形成的机制不同。第一次过程为典型的"冰相融化"机制,第二次过程为典型的"过冷暖雨"机制。东亚大陆近地面冷高压使两次冻雨天气中皖南处在东北气流之下,其带来的冷温度平流形成近地面到地面的冷垫,而750 hPa高度附近南支槽槽前暖湿气流带来暖温度平流是融化层或逆温层维持和发展的主要原因。当高空温度层结满足冻雨出现条件时,地面0℃线的位置会直接影响冻雨出现的范围。     

我国冬季冻雨和冰粒天气的形成机制及预报着眼点

利用探空和地面观测资料,通过对2001年冬季至2010年冬季我国不同区域（分为4个区域：北方、江南、华南、西南）的冻雨和冰粒天气形成的物理过程进行分析发现：（1）除北方区域外,我国其他区域的冻雨主要以暖雨机制为主。北方区域的融化类冻雨比例也仅为39％,但纬度越高,出现融化类冻雨的几率高于上述比例。暖层出现是冻雨天气的重要特征,但暖层作用主要是输送水汽和维持锋面系统,以保证降水的发生和持续,低层及地面气温普遍低于0℃可能是最重要的原因。（2）我国冰粒天气的形成机制主要以融化机制为主。冰粒天气的云顶高度普遍高于冻雨天气。冰粒天气的暖层厚度和强度均小于冻雨天气,这主要是由于弱暖层只是部分融化冰晶和雪花,使其重新冻结成为可能。冰粒天气的700hPa风速值普遍小于冻雨天气,这一方面说明冰粒天气对水汽输送条件要低一些,另一方面也反映了冰粒天气暖层较弱的特点。（3）云顶高度、暖层强度和厚度、低层冷层温度露点差、700hPa风速以及地面气温是甄别冻雨和冰粒天气的特征量,但不同区域,这些特征量的有效性不一样。西南区域冻雨和冰粒天气的主要差别在地面气温,其他特征量或差别不明显,或代表性不足,只可以作为辅助判断的因子。     

2020年内蒙古东南部一次特大暴雪伴冻雨灾害天气特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP逐6 h和逐日再分析资料、FY 2G卫星云图资料，从环流形势、水汽条件、动力条件及层结特征方面对2020年11月18—19日内蒙古自治区东南部罕见的特大暴雪伴冻雨过程进行分析。结果表明：①大气环流异常是造成此次灾害性天气的主要环流背景，500 hPa西风槽和南支槽、700 hPa西南低空急流及切变线、850 hPa以下东北急流、地面气旋是此次过程的主要影响系统，具有回流暴雪的天气特征；②低空偏南和偏东急流两支水汽输送路径及水汽强烈辐合为极端暴雪提供了充足的水汽，850 hPa和700 hPa比湿最大分别为5 g〖DK〗·kg-1 和4 g〖DK〗·kg-1；③低空偏南急流代表的暖空气与北方的冷空气剧烈交汇，暖湿空气在低层“冷垫”上爬升，加剧上升运动的发展，导致该区域降雪迅速加强；④非绝热加热项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗3对锋面生消作用最小，水平运动项〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗1是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项，锋生函数〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗变化与降水强度变化一致，在〖WTBX〗F〖WTBZ〗＞10的较强锋生区都出现暴雪，因此锋面的强迫抬升对暴雪的增幅作用不容忽视；⑤锋区的维持使得低层维持低温天气，锋上逆温，暖湿空气沿锋面抬升，900 hPa 以下“冷垫”与之上的“暖盖”长时间存在，导致暴雪发生并持续；⑥锋上逆温且逆温区存在融化层，这种垂直结构变化有利于降水相态转化，高层和低层为低于0 ℃的冷层，中间形成温度高于0 ℃的暖层，符合融化类冻雨的层结特征。     

贵州省不同强度区域性凝冻过程环流形势对比分析

利用贵州省84个气象站逐日观测资料以及再分析资料,对4种不同强度区域性凝冻过程进行对比分析。结果表明：500 hPa位势高度场上中高纬度的亚洲东部区域距平场呈现“+-”的分布或有切断低压分布,贝加尔湖至中国华北地区以经向环流为主;850 hPa风场上云南南部以南受偏南风和西南风控制,并且在江南至华南存在西南或西风急流,是4种不同强度凝冻过程中形势场共性特征。500 hPa高度场上中高纬度地区呈两槽一脊或一槽一脊分布;风场上850 hPa东北风回流和700 hPa西南急流形成上暖下冷的形势场,同时850 hPa形成稳定低层切变线;温度场上存在冷-暖-冷的夹心结构,近地面层0 ℃线维持在900 hPa以下,均是较强等级以上的区域性凝冻过程中形势场共性特征。而对于一般性区域性凝冻过程,500 hPa位势高度场上呈多槽脊分布,风场上是否存在东北风回流和低层切变线,温度场上是否存在冷-暖-冷的夹心结构以及近地面层0 ℃线位置等特征均不统一。温度剖面图上,当近地面层0 ℃线位置最低时或出现冷-暖-冷的夹心结构时段与凝冻过程影响范围最广、灾情最重的时间段对应。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on