中纬度平均经圈和纬圈环流维持的物理过程(一)

本文主要从分解计算的角度,讨论中纬度平均经圈环流和纬圈环流的维持,并把动量和感热的涡动输送联系起来,说明它们之间的内在联系和统一的物理机理. 大尺度涡动输送、加强和摩擦等强迫作用不断造成纬向平均环流的热成风不平衡,而热成风调整过程又不断使不平衡向平衡调整.平均经圈环流就是在这种强迫变化和调整过程的相互作用中产生的.我们引进了一个由强迫变化决定的温度场、流场的时间变率向量M.时间变率向量M的旋度在x方向的投影等于强迫作用所造成的非热成风产生率,它也等于平均经圈环流向量的旋度在x方向的投影. 当连续方程采用B     

山东春季降水前期环流特征分析

西风带环流总是由纬向转为经向,再由经向转为纬向这样循环往复地变化着,因而西风指数也由高值到低值,再由低值到高值的变化。这种环流经向和纬向之间的转换,表现为西风带急流向南扩张及向北“收缩”的交替过程,急流向南扩张长波槽脊发展加深,振幅加大,西风指数减小;急流向北 “收缩”长波系统减弱,振幅减小,西风指数增大。这种环流变化的前期环流特征和后期的天气变化特点存在着内在的联系。为此,我们选前期环流指数和春季降水建立关系。这里西风环流指数是在500毫巴月平均图上,范围为45—65°N、60—     

北半球500毫巴候平均环流动能变化的动力统计学分析

本文首先用流场分解方法说明平均环流的维持与演变可以通过对其动能的分析来研究。然后利用1972—80年逐候北半球500毫巴高度资料计算出纬圈平均运动动能、涡动动能及两者间的转换率。结果表明,候平均环流动能三参数的相互关系及其季节变化与瞬时环流的情况相类似,但数量上小于瞬时环流。对三参数序列应用功率谱和交叉谱分析得出,其主要周期变化为准两周振荡。再从动能参数的波谱分析和机理分析出发,指出准两周振荡就是超长波活动过程在能量循环上的反映,其大致过程是涡动动能达峰值后3—4天动能转换率达峰值,以后再过3—4天纬圈平均运动动能达峰值。     

南亚高压的环流结构

夏季各月,在亚洲南部的对流层上部出现的南亚高压与我国大范围旱涝的关系,越来越受到人们的重视。近年来,我们着重分析了南亚高压的经、纬圈环流结构,发现在不同的南亚高压水平环流型式下,其经、纬圈环流结构是不同的。而这种经、纬圈环流结     

关于夏半球的哈得来环流

在冬(夏)季节,冬半球哈得来圈扩展至夏半球,支配着整个纬向平均的平均经向环流,夏半球哈得来圈实际上是消失了。假设这表面上的消失是由于纬向的平均过程所致,而当平均只限于没被亚洲季风占据的经度上,夏半球哈得来圈是仍然存在的。对1957-1964年6-8月的资料进行分析检验,发现,在经度160°E-0-30°E上或热带的三分之二的地方,夏半球哈得来圈是确实存在的。它说明经向环流被纬向平均过程所掩盖了的某些最有意义的性质以及与之相联系的输送过程。     

经圈环流在大气对SSTA强迫响应中的作用

本文建立了一个包括经向Hadley环流作用的简单半谱模式并从1982年欧洲中心的客观分析资料中得到全球纬向平均场。经一系列数值实验发现，当SSTA处于赤道地区时，由它强迫产生的波动可以同时向南北半球传播。但若考虑经向Hadley环流（υ）的作用，波传播的空间位相和振幅就有比较明显的变化，并更接近于实际大气环流异常情况。当非绝热加热源位于偏离赤道的南北半球时，实验结果表明，如果不考虑Hadley环流，南北半球的非绝热加热很难在另一半球产生强的大气响应；考虑了Hadley环流后，则非绝热加热产生的波动可向另一半球传播。数值实验结果还表明，夏季当非绝热加热源的位置改变时，大气对其改变的响应不明显，而冬季大气对非绝热加热源的纬向位置的响应却非常敏感。     

500毫巴环流指数、环流型及环流特征量

1.500毫巴月平均环流指数分亚欧地区(45—65°N、0—150°E)和亚洲地区(45—65°N、60—150°E),其计算公式, 其中φ_1、φ_2表示计算纬向环流指数Iz的纬度范围,Z_(1i)、Z_(2i)分别是在φ_1、φ_2两纬圈上第i点的500毫巴高度读数,L为分别在φ_1、φ_2纬圈上均匀取点进行高度读数的点数。计算经向环流指数Im时,先将所考虑范围分成n个小区,在m个纬圈上分别读取经度间距为Δλ的相邻两点间高度差ΔZi,然后进行计算(详见中央气象科学研究所《论文汇集》1965年9月)。这里所附的月平均环流指数值是根据上式计算的逐候平均环流指数,     

南海北部冷涌及其环流特征

利用中国南部沿海风向、地面气温及南海北部风速的变化确定南海北部冷涌的判别标准,构建了一个冷涌发生频率指数,对南海北部冷涌的年际变化特征及其环流异常进行讨论。结果表明,南海北部冷涌频率指数能够更加全面地描述冷涌系统的特征,与全国范围的冷空气爆发关系密切。南海北部冷涌与中高纬、中低纬环流具有密切的联系,是二者共同作用的结果。当贝加尔湖以西高压脊偏强,中高纬环流经向度加大,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东时,有利于大陆上冷空气南下入海,在南海北部形成冷涌。冷涌发生时,经向Hadley环流加强,调整中纬与低纬地区的大气质量,高层向北输送的大气在科氏力作用下导致东亚副热带西风急流加强,有利于冷涌的维持和加强。     

北半球低纬度经圈环流特征及其与臭氧场的变化

本文通过分析北半球低纬度对流层上部多年平均实测风的经向分量,粗略地揭示了低纬度经圈环流沿纬图方向的分布及其季节变化特征;用统计分析的方法讨论了低纬度经圈环流强度和沿纬向分布的季节变化与中高纬度臭氧场含量和经纬向分布的季节变化关系;揭示了秋冬季低纬度海洋加热场与冬春季中高纬度臭氧加热场的相互联系和作用过程。     

北半球夏季西北太平洋热带地区西南季风强弱变化与南半球环流型的关系

本文分析了1978年夏季西北太平洋西南季风的强弱变化与南半球500mb环流形势的关系,发现当南半球出现经向环流型时,西南季风相应增强,反之,出现纬向环流型时,西南季风则减弱。 在南半球稳定的经向环流形势控制下,冷空气可以影响到低纬地带,高空长波槽后冷高压北侧的东南大风在其相对固定的通道上形成一股强而持久的越赤道气流,在北半球环流条件有利的情况下,这股越赤道气流可以在西北太平洋上转向成西南气流,导致该地区西南季风增强。由于南半球的长波槽容易在澳洲大陆东西两岸同时停滞加深,因此越赤道气流的路径则相对集中在这两     

层结切变流体非线性惯性重力内波的稳定性

本文从层结切变流体的非线性惯性重力内波的方程组出发,设解为行波的形式并将非线性项在平衡点附近作Taylor展开,导得了两个变量的一阶自治动力系统的常微分方程组。应用常微分方程的稳定性理论,讨论了惯性重力内波的稳定性。分析指出:在考虑了速度垂直切变和非线性作用后,惯性重力内波的稳定性发生了变化,当LL_0时是稳定的结论只是在时才是正确的,当时,L_0~2<0和L>L_0成为不稳定的条件。 本文还讨论了某些条件下非线性惯性重力内波的解析解。     

THE EFFECTS OF VERTICAL VARIATION OF BASIC FLOW AND HORIZONTAL GRADIENT OF TEMPERATURE ON LINEAR AND NONLINEAR GRAVITY WAVES

By using two-dimensional dynamical equations in x-z plane with Boussinesq approximation,the effects of the second-order vertical shear of the basic flow u_zz and the horizontal gradient of temperature (M) on the gravity wave and the isolated gravity wave are discussed.The magnitudes of u_zz and M corresponding to the linear and nonlinear stabilities of the gravity waves are worked out,respectively.The results show that amplitude and width of the isolate dgravity wave are closely related to u_zz and M.It is indicated that the isolated gravity wave with a width of about 10 km can be motivated by the disturbance of sub-synoptic scale in the certain ranges of flow field shear and temperature gradient,while the motivated waves may be associated with the cold surge ahead of a cold front and the other mesoscale synoptic systems.     

纬圈平均大气运动特征的振动

本文考虑高度非线性的大气中期运动是一种准涡旋运动,引用了准涡旋观点和方法来处理二维无辐散和三维运动方程,即在开始时保留涡旋项,而在对方程进行纬圈平均后,去掉一些涡旋项,得到了某些大气运动特征如西风指数、纬向动量和涡度的经向输送的纬圈平均值等的变化或摆动的振动方程,并求出谐波解。振动周期决定于经向动能二倍的纬圈平均值的平方根(v~2)~(1/2)。基本周期约二十天左右。 所得结果可能对极端复杂的大气运动总有出现中期振动的趋势和精致设计的圆盘模拟实验出现摆动的事实,提供某种程度的动力学解释,同时也可能对中期预报的实践提供一些依据。 本文的主要科学目的,是想指出对极端复杂的大气中期过程还是可能用线性理论来研究其某些特征的。     

华南春季强对流天气过程的动能收支 (二)辐散风和旋转风动能的收支和转换

在第(一)部分的基础上,进一步讨论辐散风动能和旋转风动能的收支以及这两种动能之间的转换过程。结果表明,尽管辐散风动能在总动能中所占比重很小,但它的变化与强对流天气过程的发生发展有着更为密切的关系。计算结果表明,在辐散风动能与旋转风动能的转换函数{K_D,K_R)中,B项(代表垂直运动与旋转风动能的垂直变化的耦合)是最大的转换项;在强对流区,反映涡管伸缩机制的A项也是一个很重要的转换项。就区域时间平均而言,有旋转风动能向辐散风动能(K_R→K_D)转换。      

有关大气湍流的几个问题

浑沌(chaos)概念的提出,有关大气湍流的若干问题有深入讨论的必要。根据我们近几年研究对如下问题提出自己见解,供深入讨论:确定的动力系统可以描述大气湍流,大气湍流可以用有限维动力系统来研究,速度切变?u/?z有两重性,稳定层结下可以出现湍流,Lorenz方程的意义及局限性,湍流发生     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF THE KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PROPAGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC STATIONARY WAVES

Time-mean global general circulation data are employed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations ofthe meridional gradient of zonal mean potential vorticity,the critical wavenumber n_s for horizontal wave-propagation,and the critical wavenumber K_c for vertical wave-propagation.Thereby the kinematic charac-teristics in the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves and their annual variations are studied.Resultsshow that in the troposphere n_s and K_c usually decrease with the increase of either latitude or altitude.Synoptic and near-resonant Rossby waves could be trapped during their upward and meridional propagations.These characteristics possess prominent annual variations,especially in the Northern Hemisphere.It is foundthat the spatial and temporal variations of these kinematic characteristics are in good agreement with those ofthe atmospheric wave patterns.     

Topographically forced three-wave quasi-esonant and non-resonant interactions among barotropic rossby waves on an infinnite beta-plane

In this paper, we first apply the assumption h = εh′ of topographic variation (h is the nondimensional topographic height and is a small parameter) to obtain nonlinear equations describing three-wave quasi-resonant and non-resonant interactions among Rossby waves for zonal wavenumbers 1—3 over a wavenumber-two bottom topography (WTBT). Some numerical calculations are made with the fourt-order Rung-Kutta Scheme. It is found that for the case without topographic forcing, the period of three-wave quasi-resonance (TWQR) is found to be independent of the zonal basic westerly wind, but dependent on the meridional wavenumber and the initial amplitudes. For the fixed initial data, when the frequency mismatch is smaller and the meridional wavelength is moderate, its period will belong to the 30–60-day period band. However, when the wavenumber-two topography is included, the periods of the forced quasi-resonant Rossby waves are also found to be strongly dependent on the setting of the zonal basic westerly wind. Under the same conditions, only when the zonal basic westerly wind reaches a moderate extent, intraseasonal oscillations in the 30–60-day period band can be found for zonal wavenumbers 1–3. On the other hand, if three Rossby waves considered have the same meridional wavenumber, three-wave non-resonant interaction over a WTBT can occur in this case. When the WTBT vanishes, the amplitudes of these Rossby waves are conserved. But in the presence of a WTBT, the three Rossby waves oscillate with the identical period. The period, over a moderate range of the zonal basic westerly wind, is in the intraseasonal, 30–60-Day range.     

多年月平均500毫巴图上60°N和30°N纬圈的波谱分析

本文对北半球多年月平均500毫巴图上60°N和30°N纬圈的高度和纬圈平均的经向运动动能进行了波谱分析,探讨了前3个波幅和位相角的季节变化,以及在高低纬度之间的差异。主要结果如下:1位势场的高度主要贡献,集中在准静止长波范围内,并具有明显的季节变化。2波数为1的波在高低纬度性质有显著的不同,其分界线大约在50°-60°N之间。此外,准静止的长波愈向低纬度去逐渐有向西偏移的现象。例如,在30°N上准静止的长波比60°N上要偏西(1/4)-(1/2)波长。360°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能主要部分亦集中在准静止长波范围内。虽然峰值有明显的季节变化,但最大的极值都出现在波数n=2-4之间。30°N纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱有着明显的季节变化,大致可分成如下3个类型:(1)冬季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱存在着两个极值,最大的极值稳定于准静止长波范围内(n=3附近),次极植位于移动性行星波范围内(n=5-8)。(2)夏季型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱只有一个极值,稳定于波数为6-7的波内。(3)过渡型:纬圈平均的经向运动动能谱分布较平坦,没有稳定的极值存在。     

Dangerous wind waves in the North Atlantic at different regimes of atmospheric circulation

Studied are the formation processes of dangerous wind waves in the water area of the North Atlantic during three cold periods (October–March) from 2007 to 2010. Obtained are the estimates of variability of cyclone trajectories, wind fields, and wave height in the North Atlantic at the intensification of zonal or meridional atmospheric circulation.     

Easterly wave regimes and associated convection over West Africa and tropical Atlantic: results from the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses

 NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF daily reanalyses are used to investigate the synoptic variability of easterly waves over West Africa and tropical Atlantic at 700 hPa in northern summer between 1979–1995 (1979–1993 for ECMWF). Spectral analysis of the meridional wind component at 700 hPa highlighted two main periodicity bands, between 3 and 5 days, and 6 and 9 days. The 3–5-day easterly wave regime has already been widely investigated, but only on shorter datasets. These waves grow both north and south of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The two main tracks, noted over West Africa at 5 °N and 15 °N, converge over the Atlantic on latitude 17.5 °N. These waves are more active in August–September than in June–July. Their average wavelength/phase speed varies from about 3000 km/8 m s^-1 north of the jet to 5000 km/12 m s^-1 south of the jet. Rainfall, convection and monsoon flux are significantly modulated by these waves, convection in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) being enhanced in the trough and ahead of it, with a wide meridional extension. Compared to the 3–5-day waves, the 6–9-day regime is intermittent and the corresponding wind field pattern has both similar and contrasting characteristics. The only main track is located north of the AEJ along 17.5 °N both over West Africa and the Atlantic. The mean wavelength is higher, about 5000 km long, and the average phase speed is about 7 m s^-1. Then the wind field perturbation is mostly evident at the AEJ latitude and north of it. The perturbation structure is similar to that of 3–5-days in the north except that the more developed circulation centers, moving more to the north, lead to a large modulation of the jet zonal wind component. South of the AEJ, the wind field perturbation is weaker and quite different. The zonal wind core of the jet appears to be an almost symmetric axis in the 6–9-day wind field pattern, a clockwise circulation north of the AEJ being associated with a counter-clockwise circulation south of the jet, and vice versa. These 6–9-day easterly waves also affect significantly rainfall, convection and monsoon flux but in a different way, inducing large zonal convective bands in the ITCZ, mostly in the trough and behind it. As opposed to the 3–5-day wave regime, these rainfall anomalies are associated with anomalies of opposite sign over the Guinea coast and the Sahelian regions. Over the continent, these waves are more active in June–July, and in August–September over the ocean. GATE phase I gave an example of such an active 6–9-day wave pattern. Considered as a sequence of weak easterly wave activity, this phase was also a sequence of high 6–9-day easterly wave activity. We suggest that the 6–9-day regime results from an interaction between the 3–5-day easterly wave regime (maintained by the barotropic/baroclinic instability of the AEJ), and the development of strong anticyclonic circulations, north of the jet over West Africa, and both north and south of the jet over the Atlantic, significantly affecting the jet zonal wind component. The permanent subtropical anticyclones (Azores, Libya, St Helena) could help initiation and maintenance of such regime over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. Based on an a priori period-band criterion, our synoptic classification has enabled us to point out two statistical and meteorological easterly wave regimes over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses are in good agreement, the main difference being a more developed easterly wave activity in the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, especially for the 3–5-day regime over the Atlantic. Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 2 May 1999