SOPHO—S100数字程控交换机常见故障的排除方法

SOPHO—S100数字程控交换机是气象通信网的组成部分，现已与气象卫星通信网联网。通过卫星，实现了与兄弟省区的工作联络，极大地改善了办公条件，提高了工作效率。SOPHO—S100数字程控交换机是目前世界上具有综合业务数字网（ISDN）能力的最新一代的全时分数字程控用户交换机。它高度模块化，适应现在以及将来的通信发展的现代高级办公自动化通信系统。具备各种模拟、数字接口，可以连接多功能话机及现代化通信终端和数字话机，利用标准的IS－DN接口（ZB＋D）实现计算机通信。这里介绍SOPHO—5100常见故障及其排除方法。1分机…     

跨世纪的新一代气象业务现代化工程──气象卫星综合应用业务系统（9210工程）

跨世纪的新一代气象业务现代化工程──气象卫星综合应用业务系统（９２１０工程）张晰莹１概述气象卫星综合应用业务系统（代号为９２１０工程）是采用卫星通信、计算机网络、分布式数据库、程控交换和人机交互处理等先进技术，实现卫星通信和地面通信相结合，以卫星通信...     

基于单片机的上下肢康复训练机器人

介绍了一种基于单片机的上下肢训练机器人.首先介绍了它的机械设计和控制系统设计.上下肢康复训练机器人由SSU7301单片机控制直流电机系统,由C8051F320单片机负责与上位机的USB通信部分,两部分之间通过串口通信.它可在一台康复训练机器人上实现上、下肢的康复训练,并有被动模式和主动模式2种训练方式,主、被动模式能实现自动切换.最后给出了上下肢训练机器人产品实例和实验结果,经过试验验证,该机器人设计合理,性能稳定,实现了上下肢的康复训练.     

十堰市气候干旱分析及预报指标

利用十堰市7个代表站1953-2006年的降水资料和气温资料,用降水距平百分率（R指标）这一传统的干旱等级划分方法,并考虑到气温引入了P指标对干旱等级进行了划分,揭示了该区域干旱发生的基本特征。结果表明：十堰是我国中部地区干旱频发地区之一,干旱存在自身的周期性和连续发生的规律,地理分布是北部重于南部。造成十堰干旱的主要天气系统是东亚大槽、副热带高压和青藏高压（大陆高压）。这3个系统交替影响并控制该市：春季主要是东亚大槽稳定;夏季副热带高压控制为主、大陆高压控制次之;秋季大陆高压控制为主、副热带高压控制次之。根据不同季节和不同类型的干旱,给出了具体的预报指标。     

1951—2011年临沂高温天气特征及高温预警

采用临沂1951—2011年逐日最高气温资料和1997—2011年实况天气图资料,研究了临沂高温天气特征及高温预警制作,结果表明：（1）临沂35ºC以上的高温天气最早出现在5月8日,最晚结束在9月2日;高温日数以7月最多,其次是6月和8月,分别占40%,34.5%和19%;高温日数50年代—80年代呈现由多到少的趋势,80年代至今又开始逐渐增多。（2）35℃以上的高温天气主要影响系统是副热带高压,37℃以上的高温天气多由大陆暖高压脊影响产生;临沂高温预警信号主要为黄色和橙色预警,红色高温天气仅出现过两次。（3）850hPa≧20ºC是高温黄色预警的主要指标;橙色以上级别高温天气的预报预警需根据影响系统区别对待,副热带高压影响时可以更多参考前一日的最高气温和副热带高压是否有进一步加强的趋势;大陆暖高压脊影响时需要综合考虑850hPa,925hPa的温度及湿度、高压脊是否加强、其它影响系统（如东北冷涡对气温的影响）影响、前一日的最高气温等多个要素。     

基于单片机技术的多功能数据采集系统的开发与实现

多功能数据采集系统,采用KeilC51语言作为嵌入式系统的编程语言,采用片上系统方式进行设计,使用具有C51单片机内核的ADbtC831作为系统的核心处理机,通过上位机软件向处理机发送命令的方式实现采集通道的配置,实现单一通道多功能采集的目的。该系统可提供8个采集通道,其中4个模拟通道,可实现对温度、湿度、气压等要素的采集功能,另外4个数字通道可实现雨量的采集。     

四频微波辐射计控制与数据处理系统研究

论述了采用80C196单片机开发的四频微波辐射计的控制与数据处理系统，该系统主要包括接口电路、数据采集电路、时序控制电路和控制与数据处理的软件模块。任务通信、实时时钟和输入输出及中断管理4部分组成。在软件设计中编写了实时多任务操作系统，由任务调度、数据处理方法采用了当前国际上先进的数字调制解调技术。该系统可以完成实时控制、数据采集与数据处理、实时显示及实时通信等功能。由于采用了单片机控制结构，使该系统结构简化、体积缩小、成本降低、可靠性提高，具有较好的应用价值。     

9210工程卫星通信网络

1引言9210工程是国家“八五”重点建设项目。该业务系统由卫星通信网络系统、计算机网络系统及话音网络系统三部分组成,这三部分是相辅相成的。以数据地球小站（PES）为基础的卫星数据网连接国家、省、地（市）级的计算机局域网构成星型的计算机网络系统,实现气象信息的共享、高效应用和统一管理。同时以电话地球小站（TES）为基础的卫星话音网连接国家、省、地（市）级的程控交换机系统,构成网状的话音网,实现地（市）以上气象部门的话音通信。本文介绍卫星通信网络系统的结构、特点。功能。2卫星通信系统概貌卫星通信就是地球上的…     

市（县）级预报服务平台的开发与应用

利用VB语言,通过集成现有预报服务工具和系统,建立了分别适于地（市）级和县级预报台站日常业务使用的预报服务平台,实现从查看资料、制作预报和服务产品到预报检验的一体化工作流程。     

TES和程控电话的使用与维护

介绍了卫星数字电话网络系统（ＴＥＳ）的功能、指示器及其ＬＥＤ代码解析。介绍了程控交换机（ＨＪＤ－８０型）的功能,故障的处理及系统的诊断测试内容和维护方法。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on