台风区和外围暴雨区的旋转风,散度风动能收支

用完全的散度风（ＶＤ）和旋转风（ＶＲ）动能收支方程对８１１６台风和８４０７台风以及８１１６台风与其外围暴雨区的关系作了讨论，结果表明：台风区的有效位能通过散度风动能（ＫＤ）转换为旋转风动能（ＫＲ），台风向区域外部输出功能，在暴雨区上空通过涡度，散度场相互作用的转换机制由ＫＲ向ＫＤ转换，散度风加大触发对流发展产生暴雨，这可能是台风与其外围暴雨联系的一种能量过程。     

台风暴雨中尺度系统与结构的数值研究

首先对８４０７，８４１１和８５０４号台风进行了数值模拟，并详细分析了模式输出的带通流场，发现；在湿台风引起的大范围暴雨区，低怪有强辐合，高怪有的大尺度辐散，而在干台风产生的弱降水区，高层则无中尺度辐散气流。其次，对引起暴雨突然增幅的８４０７号台风进行了对比试验，表明：台风大尺度环境场是产生台风暴雨中尺度系统的源，而凝结潜热释放和地形效应则是形成和影响这些中尺度系统中和中尺度的结构和重要因素。     

登陆台风与其外围暴雨的相互作用

本文对8116号登陆台风及其环境和外围暴雨区分别作了动能平衡的诊断分析,结果表明,动能制造是三个区域动能平衡的主要能源,动能水平辐散和摩擦消耗则是主要能汇。在台风登陆减弱过程中,暴雨区的动能增加。台风区上层动能水平辐散呈显著的不对称型。台风右侧次天气尺度强风带起了向暴雨区输送动能使暴雨得到发展的作用。暴雨发生后,通过暴雨区北界向环境输送动能,于是,台风辐散的动能通过暴雨区最后输送给环境。这种动能传递过程可能是台风与环境大气相互作用引起台风衰减的机制之一。     

1323号强台风菲特登陆后迅速衰亡的原因分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所最佳路径资料和NECP-FNL 1°×1°格点资料,分析了1323号强台风菲特(Fitow)登陆过程中环境条件、水汽和动能收支及其结构变化特征,研究其登陆后迅速消亡的原因。结果表明,"菲特"的消亡过程涉及与中纬度高空槽及另一台风的相互作用。登陆前,"菲特"从中纬度高空槽的相互作用中获得斜压位能,并从与另一台风丹娜丝(Danas)之间的偏东风低空急流中获得水汽输送,同时,高、低空急流的有利配置及较小的环境风垂直切变为其维持和发展提供有利条件。"菲特"登陆后,一方面与台风丹娜丝之间的水汽通道断裂失去潜热能的供应,另一方面冷空气侵入到台风中心,台风动能转化为斜压位能,同时高、低空风场配置加大其环境风的垂直切变,台风失去其结构特征而迅速消亡。     

近海台风结构和能量平衡的对比研究

本文以8006和8309两个台风为例，分析了近海台风的结构，指出其重要特点是运动场和热力场的显著不对称和只有弱的暖心。本文还着重对它们在近海及登陆后的总动能和涡动动能收支及加热场情况，进行了对比诊断研究。指出近海台风的不对称结构中，隐含着消亡机制，这是由于不对称的暖区和上升区都偏离台风中心且不相一致，使台风区有效位能向动能转换的过程很弱甚至反向。另外，如台风登陆后继续维持热带系统特点，未能迅速将主要能源由潜热释放转变为斜压过程，也易迅速消亡。在加热场方面，登陆后迅速减弱的台风，最大加热强度较大，其所在层次也较高。     

台风“摩羯”和“利奇马”经渤海强度变化特征分析

利用FY 4水汽云图、NCEP/FNL资料、自动站资料和ERA Interim海温资料，分析入海增强台风“摩羯”（1814）和入海减弱台风“利奇马”（1909）经过渤海强度变化特征。结论如下：台风“摩羯”中心入海增强过程伴随着中高层冷空气侵入，冷空气深入“摩羯”云系中心，台风强度减弱并逐渐消亡。台风“利奇马”入海前冷空气已经侵入台风中心，台风入海后强度减弱,暖心结构变得不对称，低层有清晰的斜压特征。“摩羯”入海前渤海上空为强辐散区，“利奇马”入海前渤海上空为弱辐合场，北上前进方向出现高空辐散有利于台风加强。台风登陆前垂直风切变与台风强度反位相分布，北上后台风垂直风切变与台风强度同位相分布。“摩羯”入海后水汽通道出现断裂，其入海增强更多依赖于热力条件和动力条件。“利奇马”水汽通量和水汽通量散度源于自身环流的贡献。台风“摩羯”入海后潜热加热率激增，“利奇马”低层维持弱潜热加热直至台风消亡。     

登陆台风动能平衡和转换的诊断

对一次登陆台风及其外围暴雨和环境的动能平衡以及天气尺度动能与中尺度扰动动能的转换进行了诊断分析，指出摩擦消耗和动能的水平输出是台风的主要能汇。台风消亡期间，外围暴雨区动能增大，动能制造项Ｇｋ是暴雨区的主要能源。Ｇｋ的增大可能与天气尺度动能转换成中尺度扰动引起暴雨的发展相联系。     

0601号登陆台风及暴雨减弱消亡过程中的动能收支分析

利用高分辨率（10km）数值模拟的结果,以登陆华南并引发特大暴雨的0601号台风为例,对台风中田尺度动能收支平衡进行了诊断分析。结果表明,中-β尺度系统动能收支水平项（水平通量散度项和水平产生项）很小,垂直项（垂直通量散度项和垂直产生项）是动能收支方程的主要部分;动能垂直通量散度在对流层低层是动能的汇,在对流层中高层为动能的源;动能垂直产生项在对流层各层都是动能的汇;浮力产生项在300hPa以下是动能的源,在对流层高层是动能的汇;平均动能的局地变化项,在对流层各层均小于零,暴雨期间对流层动能支大于收,且动能变化在对流层中低层最明显。就整个对流层的垂直总量而言,浮力产生项是主要的动能源,而垂直产生项是主要的动能汇。较强冷空气首先从对流层中层入侵台风环流系统,抑制动能制造和传输,是中田尺度对流系统不能维持、发展的主要原因,也是台风系统及其暴雨不能长久维持的关键。     

台风“卡努”登陆前强度突增天气成因分析

利用MICAPS资料6、h 1次的CIMSS资料和卫星云图资料,对台风“卡努”登陆前强度突增天气成因进行了分析。结果表明:当台风向高空槽靠近时,高空槽前的正涡度平流能增强台风上空的辐散,而且高空槽使台风上空产生明显的热通量辐散,把台风产生的热量迅速带走;当台风处于海上太平洋副高西南侧时,太平洋副高适当增强,可使副高与台风间的东南气流增强以及环境风场垂直切变减弱。由于上述原因,台风“卡努”登陆前强度突然增加。     

台风“韦森特”登陆后暴雨的成因分析

采用常规气象资料、区域自动站资料以及NCEP/NCAR分辨率1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年1208号台风"韦森特"登陆影响下,珠江三角洲和粤西地区的暴雨过程进行分析。分析了"韦森特"登陆后的高低空环流形势和辐合辐散场、西南季风的活动以及水汽输送情况。结果表明:1)西太副高高压脊西伸加强,且脊线位置维持,抑制了"韦森特"的北上,有利于其登陆后移速不致过快,为"韦森特"西北西行过程中产生持续性暴雨提供了稳定的背景场。2)100°E附近、108°E附近两支越赤道气流及索马里急流的加强,使西南季风进一步发展,为台风登陆后的降水补充大量水汽、热量和动量,有利于其降水发生维持。同时,水汽输送大值带穿过中南半岛,源源不断地向台风环流输送水汽。随着台风登陆后西北移动和西风大值区北抬的影响,水汽通量大值区和水汽通量散度大值区相应北抬,对暴雨增幅的发生有一定的作用。3)台风登陆后,高空辐散明显加强,强于低层辐合,高层流出的气流具有强的抽吸作用,为强降水的发生提供了动力抬升条件。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on