台风暴雨中尺度系统与结构的数值研究

首先对８４０７，８４１１和８５０４号台风进行了数值模拟，并详细分析了模式输出的带通流场，发现；在湿台风引起的大范围暴雨区，低怪有强辐合，高怪有的大尺度辐散，而在干台风产生的弱降水区，高层则无中尺度辐散气流。其次，对引起暴雨突然增幅的８４０７号台风进行了对比试验，表明：台风大尺度环境场是产生台风暴雨中尺度系统的源，而凝结潜热释放和地形效应则是形成和影响这些中尺度系统中和中尺度的结构和重要因素。     

台风移动规律的研究 Ⅱ．小地形与边界层的动力作用

从支配台风中心移动的基本方程出发，着重分析了小地形（地形高度与台风系统的垂直厚度相比为小量）的抬升作用和边界层的摩擦作用对台风移动影响的定性特征。结果表明，较高地势对台风有“吸引”作用；边界层摩擦辐合引起的艾克曼抽吸有利于台风产生沿局地流场引导速度方向的加速度。     

台风移动规律的研究 Ⅱ.小地形与边界层的动力作用

从支配台风中心移动的基本方程出发，着重分析了小地形（地形高度与台风系统的的垂直厚度相双为小量）的抬升作用和边界层的摩擦作用对台风移动影响的定性特征。结果表明，较高地势对台风有“吸收”作用；边界层摩擦辐合引起的艾克曼抽吸有利于台风产生沿局地流场引导速度方向的加速度。     

非地转强迫对Fitow(0114)暴雨的影响

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5对 0 114号台风Fitow从 2 0 0 1年 8月 31日 0 0时～ 9月 2日 0 0时 (UTC ,下同 )的降水过程进行了模拟研究。结果表明 ,MM5对Fitow登陆过程中暴雨落区和强度的模拟与实况比较一致。模拟结果较好地再现了暴雨的中尺度特征。正是维持少动的台风倒槽和嵌入其中的中小尺度系统相互作用造成了暴雨的发生、发展 ,而高、低空中尺度散度场的配置对暴雨有很好的指示意义。在华南台风暴雨区无论是高层还是低层 ,都存在很强的非地转作用 ,非地转涡度项对散度倾向项是重要的强迫因素 ;但非地转作用的实现与中高纬度地区有本质的区别 ,在低层非地转作用是由于强的位势场气旋涡度 (- 2  <0 )与弱的流场气旋涡度 (fζ >0 )不平衡产生的 ;而高层非地转作用是由于强的位势场反气旋涡度 (- 2  >0 )与弱的流场反气旋涡度 (fζ <0 )不平衡产生的。非地转作用是暴雨中尺度系统上升运动发展的触发机制。从动力学角度解释了用非地转 Q矢量散度场来判断暴雨落区要比用准地转 Q矢量散度场好的原因。     

2000.6.21～23日金衢连续大到暴雨过程分析

分析了2000年6．23大暴雨的天气形势和物理量特征，发现本次过程高空300hPa系统比500hPa以下系统反映明显，暴雨的持续和突然结束与300hPa低槽的东移和入海密切相关，高层200、300hPa的强烈辐散抽吸作用，是产生这次大暴雨过程的一个主要原因。     

对华北一次特大台风暴雨过程的位涡诊断分析

通过对９６０８号台风低压及其外围暴雨位和等熵面上物理量场的分析,揭示了台风低压北上诱发暴雨过程的位涡场的结构及冷空气对暴雨增幅的作用,给出此次暴雨增幅过程的图像。分析表明：对流层低层中高纬度冷空气（高位涡）扩散南下在台风低压环流区附近的“侵入”作用是此次特大暴雨过程的最重要的原因之一;等熵面位涡的分析进一步说明了中高纬地区冷空气的活动状况;对流层高层或平流层低层位涡的下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放     

2013年“苏力”与“潭美”相似路径台风大暴雨落区差异分析

以2013年两个路径相似但大暴雨分布有较大差别的台风“苏力”和“潭美”为研究对象,从台风结构及其动力、水汽等方面讨论了它们的降水条件差异,结果表明:台风登陆过程中,“苏力”结构发生南倾是造成台风南侧大暴雨产生的主要原因;副高南侧弱东风气流导致“苏力”北侧水汽辐合上升运动较弱,水汽辐合呈现南强北弱的分布;流场垂直运动南强北弱的不均分布是台风环流南侧大暴雨产生的有利动力条件;台风受南亚高压的东南侧东北气流影响,二者的相对位置,有可能影响到台风辐合区随高度向南倾斜和高层辐散场南强北弱的分布,从而对台风暴雨南强北弱的分布产生重要影响;中层弱冷空气侵入台风环流西南侧,对台风南侧暴雨增幅起重要作用。台风“潭美”结构对称,低空西南与东风两支急流将充沛水汽汇合于台风环流北侧,副高南侧东风急流的增强和闽东北地形抬升对台风北侧暴雨的增幅作用十分显著。台风位于南亚高压东环的西南侧,受偏东气流的分流辐散影响,“潭美”辐合中心随高度北倾和中层弱冷空气侵入台风环流北侧,也是促进台风北侧暴雨增强的原因。      

高空急流与中纬度系统影响下台风暴雨的研究现状

我国暴雨天气中，台风是最强的Bao雨天气系统，当台风外围系统与西风槽相互作用时往往发生暴雨突然增幅现象，造成了严重灾害，以往大量的研究表明；台风和中纬度系统相互作用引起的远离台风的北段暴雨大多发生在西南风高空急流区的右后方，高空急流有明显的非纬向特征，而且暴雨增幅与高空急流的非纬向增强有关，对有关高空急流与中纬度系统影响下台风暴雨的研究进行了综述，并且对进一步深入研究提出了建议。     

一次台风远距离作用下的西南低涡大暴雨个例分析

利用2009年8月2—5日发生在川渝地区一次远距离台风暴雨的实况降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了远距离台风作用下的水汽和温湿能输送特征;利用25点平滑算子方法研究了台风"天鹅"对此次暴雨影响系统——西南低涡作用下的中尺度特征。结果表明,此次大暴雨过程是在有利的环流背景下发生的,东移的高空槽耦合了西南低涡,远距离的台风"天鹅"使得西南低涡在川渝地区长时间维持,台风"天鹅"倒槽对低涡系统暖湿结构具有重要作用;在台风倒槽偏东气流驱动下,其携带的水汽和能量与西南低空急流输送的暖湿水汽汇合,构建了输送到低值系统附近的水汽和能量通道,增强了强降水区水汽和能量积聚效应,这种积聚效应促使低涡系统物理结构的维持;在台风倒槽顶部偏东气流动力作用下,促使低涡系统中低层正涡度增强,进一步促使垂直涡度增长,对低涡系统动力结构维持起到积极作用,进而促使低涡系统长时间维持,最终导致长时间强降水的发生。     

一次暴雨过程受不同系统影响的动力热力场结构特征

本文使用常规观测资料、卫星云图、自动气象站降水量以及0.25°×0.25°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对出现在东北地区北部受不同系统影响的连续2d暴雨过程的热力和动力场结构特征展开研究。结果表明:24日为暖锋锋生暴雨,暴雨范围大;25日为台风暴雨,暴雨出现在台风移动路径上,为狭长带状。暴雨是由MCS活动造成的,每次短时强降水均与TBB低值中心相对应,台风倒槽内的MCS强度比暖锋云系内的MCS弱,但是降水强度却更大。台风安比携带大量暖湿空气,其东侧的低空急流向北输送热量和水汽,水汽辐合集中在边界层内,台风暴雨的水汽辐合强度比暖锋暴雨更强烈,所造成的雨强更大。暖锋暴雨期间,小兴安岭迎风坡地形的辐合抬升作用明显;高层强辐散及地形辐合抬升作用对暴雨有较大贡献。台风暴雨期间,低空辐合,特别是水汽辐合作用对暴雨有较大贡献;辐合区位于台风倒槽附近,倒槽表现为冷锋性质。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;