此时不搏 更待何时——兴山县气象局立足山区谱写兴业之歌

位于鄂西山区、长江西陵陕北侧的兴山县气象局，在面临地方气象事业一度受挫的不利条件下，不俱艰难，勇于拼搏，敢担大任，以创建学习型单位、学习型队伍为契机，抓住三峡工程移民搬迁的大好机遇，因地制宜，扬长避短，克难奋进，     

影响哈密降雪异常的大气环流及水汽输送特征

利用1960—2020年哈密市6个气象站降雪观测数据及NCEP再分析资料，对哈密市降雪的时空分布特征及降雪异常年的大气环流和水汽特征进行了分析，结果表明：哈密市降雪中部多南北少，降雪日数12月最多，降雪量11月最多；降雪量和降雪日数总体呈增加趋势，但主要在2010年前增加，之后减少；降雪以小雪为主，大雪以上量级降雪较少。降雪偏多时，高层偏西急流增强，急流区北扩，中层伊朗副高加强北抬，极锋锋区南压，脊前低槽南下东移；低层风速增大，出现风向辐合和气旋性切变，地面锋面气旋加强，水汽输送增大，低层水汽含量多。降雪偏少时，高层急流偏弱，急流轴南移，中层西风气流控制，极锋锋区偏北，新疆脊东移，冷空气偏北，低层风速辐散增强，北方气旋偏北偏弱，水汽输送量小，水汽含量也少。     

水稻氧力粉包膜直播技术

达川地区是农业大区，农业生产长期沿用传统耕作方法，其生产力较低，水稻采用氧力粉包膜直播法，不仅利于机械化操作，减轻劳动强度，而且由于氧力粉的效用，使之苗齐、苗壮，根系发达，有效稳多，从而达到稳产高产的目的。     

温棚黄瓜增施CO_2的效果及原因分析

经试验，在温棚中施用ＣＯ２，黄瓜长势好，品质好，成熟早，产量高，且病害减轻。投入产出比为１：１６。     

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究杜秀贤，邓文政，郭绍存，潘进军（内蒙古自治区气象科学研究所，０１００５１，呼和浩特）赵可新，赵勋（内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟气象处，０２１００８，海拉尔）前言多年来，国内外林火专家和学者，对林火的监测和预报研究，已...     

鄂尔多斯市一次春季暴雪过程分析

2007年3月2—3曰鄂尔多斯市出现暴雪天气。范围大，持续时间长，是有气象资料以来所罕见。在天气图上主要表现为北槽南涡，东高西低，具有夏季降水特征，冷暖空气在鄂尔多斯市交绥且维持时间达24小时。卫星云图和多普勒天气雷达回波表现为降水前后3个时段具有明显特征，降水前涡旋云系完全形成，雷达上只有零星回波，强度为20dBz,垂直风切变随高度变化无序；降水主要阶段，涡旋云系第一象限的中低云控制鄂尔多斯市，雷达回波连成片，强度为25dBz，且有一中心强度为55dBz的强回波中心，垂直风切变随高度变化有序，风速加大，冷暖平流明显，回波顶高度3?8km，并出现了牛眼回波；之后，降水减弱消失，暴雪天气过程结束。     

与时俱进扎实工作努力推进我省气象事业新发展

这次全省气象工作会议的主要任务是深入贯彻中国气象局长会议和全省农村工作会议精神，重点总结去年全省气象工作，部署今年的工作任务，动员全省气象工作者进一步解放思想，坚定信心，与时俱进，扎实工作，努力推进我省气象事业新发展。     

国际气候变化研究新进展

 简要回顾了国际上气候变化科学研究在最近所取得的进展，主要包括近百年温度和降水的变化，大气成分和辐射强迫的变化，热带和中高纬度气候变化，台风和气候变化，全球变暗和反照率，气候模式与气候变化的预估，气候突变和极端事件等方面。通过回顾可以看到，气候变化科学已取得了显著的进展，但也提出一些新的科学问题，国内外科学家将面临新的科学挑战。     

东南亚夏季风中断、过渡与活跃期的区域能量学研究

对两次季风演变过程的能量学研究表明，季风演变具有鲜明的阶段性能量学特征。中断期，积云加热小，两个转换函数值很小；过渡期，积云加热增强明显，两个转换函数值迅速加大，边界输送作用也明显朝有利方向变化，同时，纬向平均气流变为向季风供应扰动动能；活跃期，大尺度加热变得重要，积云加热维持，两个转换函数也保持大的正值。分析表明，印度季风东传对东南亚季风活跃的触发作用是重要的，但季风活跃的维持则主要依靠区域内部能量学过程。     

开发云中水资源 增雨保泉润济南——快速发展的济南市人工影响天气工作

济南市气象局在省局正确领导和市政府大力支持下，采用军地联合的人工影响天气发展思路，采取综合措施，加大工作力度，加快南部山区人工影响天气基地建设，人工增雨（雪）和防雹作业取得显著效益。2006年，济南市先后进行增雨作业20次，出动作业火箭240架次，发射增雨火箭弹968枚，炮弹1131发，作业密度、规模、强度都是济南市人工增雨作业史上从未有过的，增雨效果显著。     

两种风场分解方法计算动能收支对比研究

使用两种风场分解方法，计算了旋转风和辐散风功能收支方程各项时空平均值，结果表明两者差异不大，具有一定程度的可比性。     

Estimates of velocity-pressure and velocity-pressure gradient interactions in the surface layer over plant canopies

The budget equations of turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress contain interaction terms of velocity-pressure and velocity-pressure gradient. These terms were estimated in the surface layer using the air pressure observed at the surface and wind velocity components over plant canopies. The magnitude of the pressure interaction terms was significantly large; it was not negligible compared with the production terms in each budget equation. The present results obtained over a rough surface also confirmed previous results that pressure terms play an important role in the turbulent kinetic energy budgets and the shear stress budget. The height dependency of nondimensional pressure terms versus (z - d)/z ₀ was not clear.     

Reducing discrepancies in atmospheric heat budget of Tibetan Plateau by satellite-based estimates of radiative cooling and cloud-radiation feedback

Summary Past investigations of the summertime heat budget over the Tibetan Plateau have not included detailed estimates of radiative cooling (Q _R ) nor have they carefully considered the effects of cloudiness on this term. The various attempts to eyaluate different combinations of heat and moisture budget torms and to understand the sources of energy to the summer armospheric heat source over the plateau are not in agreement, partly because of remaining discrepancies in the radiative and turbulent flux components, and partly because until recently, the conventional data sets needed for independently estimating the total heating and moistening terms have been incomplete. The uncertainties in the radiative term have also led to difficulties in assessing the uncertainties in the other budget terms, since no study to date has assembled a complete enough data set to allow a unified calculation of all budget quantities or to obtain budget closure. Recently published results of Yanai and his colleagues involving apparent heat source calculations for the plateau region based on a much improved FGGE data set, have motivated the examination of whether more detailed radiative calculations can help resolve past discrepancies in the budget terms on a monthly time scale. This study uses a continuous time series of 22-km resolution INSAT geosynchronous satellite measurements and ECMWF profile analyses in conjunction with medium spectral resolution radiative transfer models to estimate the slicrtwave and longwave components of the radiative cooling term and the role of cloudiness on these components for the 1988 summer period. The calculations reveal both meridional and zonal structure in radiative divergence across the plateau associated with the substantial gradients of cloudiness and aridity that dominate the summertime plateau climatology. The calculations also indicate that the magnitudes of both cloud-induced shortwave heating and longwave cooling over the plateau are much greater than over low-elevation regions. Moreover, since cloud-induced longwave cooling exceeds cloud-induced shortwave heating, the bulk effect of clouds is to radiatively cool the plateau atmosphere. The high resolution calculations are reduced to monthly averaged budget quantities for analyzing whether existing discrepancies in the plateau heat budget can be resolved. Although there is no means to rigorously verify the accuracies and representativeness of the individual budget terms, the new radiative estimates combined with the most reliable current estimates of total heating and turbulent fluxes, produce near closure (within 4%) of the plateau heat budget for the June to August period.With 10 Figures     

Heat,momentum and moisture budgets of the katabatic layer over the melting zone of the west Greenland ice sheet in summer

The budgets of momentum, heat and moisture of the atmospheric boundary layer overlying the melting zone of the west Greenland ice sheet during an 8-day period in summer are calculated. To do so, the governing budget equations are derived and presented in terms of vertically averaged quantities. Moreover, stationarity is assumed in the present study. Measurements collected during the GIMEX-91 experiment are used to calculate the contribution of the different terms in the equations to the budget.During summer, a well developed katabatic wind system is present over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The budgets show that advection in the katabatic layer is small for momentum, heat and humidity, when the horizontal length scale of the integration area is sufficiently large (>50 km). This indicates that in principle one-dimensional atmospheric models can be used to study the boundary layer over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The background stratification plays a crucial role in the heat and moisture budget. Vertical divergence of longwave radiation provides one-third and the turbulent flux of sensible heat the rest of the cooling of the boundary layer. Moisture is added to the boundary layer by evaporation which is a significant term in the moisture budget. Negative buoyancy (katabatic forcing) dominates the momentum budget in the downslope direction. Coriolis forcing is important, stressing the large spatial scale of the katabatic winds on the Greenland ice sheet.     

Effectiveness of the Bjerknes stability index in representing ocean dynamics

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring coupled phenomenon originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean that relies on ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. The Bjerknes stability index (BJ index), derived from the mixed-layer heat budget, aims to quantify the ENSO feedback process in order to explore the linear stability properties of ENSO. More recently, the BJ index has been used for model intercomparisons, particularly for the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. This study investigates the effectiveness of the BJ index in representing the key ENSO ocean feedbacks—namely the thermocline, zonal advective, and Ekman feedbacks—by evaluating the amplitudes and phases of the BJ index terms against the corresponding heat budget terms from which they were derived. The output from Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Ocean Model (a global ocean/sea ice flux-forced model) is used to calculate the heat budget in the equatorial Pacific. Through the model evaluation process, the robustness of the BJ index terms are tested. We find that the BJ index overestimates the relative importance of the thermocline feedback to the zonal advective feedback when compared with the corresponding terms from the heat budget equation. The assumption of linearity between variables in the BJ index formulation is the primary reason for these differences. Our results imply that a model intercomparison relying on the BJ index to explain ENSO behavior is not necessarily an accurate quantification of dynamical differences between models that are inherently nonlinear. For these reasons, the BJ index may not fully explain underpinning changes in ENSO under global warming scenarios.     

Diagnostic budget study of the internal variability in ensemble simulations of the Canadian RCM

Due to the chaotic and nonlinear nature of the atmospheric dynamics, it is known that small differences in the initial conditions (IC) of models can grow and affect the simulation evolution. In this study, we perform a quantitative diagnostic budget calculation of the various diabatic and dynamical contributions to the time evolution and spatial distribution of internal variability (IV) in simulations with the nested Canadian Regional Climate Model. We establish prognostic budget equations of the IV for the potential temperature and the relative vorticity fields. For both of these variables, the IV equations present similar terms, notably terms relating to the transport of IV by ensemble-mean flow and to the covariance of fluctuations acting on the gradient of the ensemble-mean state. We show the skill of these equations to diagnose the IV that took place in an ensemble of 20 3-month (summer season) simulations that differed only in their IC. Our study suggests that the dominant terms responsible for the large increase of IV are either the covariance term involving the potential temperature fluctuations and diabatic heating fluctuations, or the covariance of inter-member fluctuations acting upon ensemble-mean gradients. Our results also show that, on average, the third-order terms are negligible, but they can become important when the IV is large.     

Idealized Mesoscale Model Simulations of Open Cellular Convection Over the Sea

The atmospheric conditions during an observed case of open cellular convection over the North Sea were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model. Wind, temperature and water vapour mixing ratio profiles from the WRF simulation were used to initialize an idealized version of the model, which excluded the effects of topography, surface inhomogeneities and large-scale weather forcing. Cells with an average diameter of 17.4 km developed. Simulations both with and without a capping inversion were made, and the cell-scale kinetic energy budget was calculated for each case. By considering all sources of explicit diffusion in the model, the budgets were balanced. In comparison with previous work based on observational studies, the use of three-dimensional, gridded model data afforded the possibility of calculating all terms in the budgets, which showed that the important terms in the budgets were buoyancy, pressure balance and inter-scale transfer to subgrid scales. Cells were also composited to calculate the average cell-scale flow and each of the budget terms on two-dimensional cross-sections through the cells, parallel and perpendicular to the mean wind direction.     

The radiation budget in a regional climate model

The long- and short-wave components of the radiation budget are among the most important quantities in climate modelling. In this study, we evaluated the radiation budget at the earth??s surface and at the top of atmosphere over Europe as simulated by the regional climate model CLM. This was done by comparisons with radiation budgets as computed by the GEWEX/SRB satellite-based product and as realised in the ECMWF re-analysis ERA40. Our comparisons show that CLM has a tendency to underestimate solar radiation at the surface and the energy loss by thermal emission. We found a clear statistical dependence of radiation budget imprecision on cloud cover and surface albedo uncertainties in the solar spectrum. In contrast to cloud fraction errors, surface temperature errors have a minor impact on radiation budget uncertainties in the long-wave spectrum. We also evaluated the impact of the number of atmospheric layers used in CLM simulations. CLM simulations with 32 layers perform better than do those with 20 layers in terms of the surface radiation budget components but not in terms of the outgoing long-wave radiation and of radiation divergence. Application of the evaluation approach to similar simulations with two additional regional climate models confirmed the results and showed the usefulness of the approach.     

A global available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber for the FGGE year

Abstract

A global vertically integrated available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber is formulated using spherical harmonics. Results of the budget equations applied to the four mid‐season months of the FGGE year are given.     

梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支特征

本文计算了1983年长江中下游梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支,并分别给出收支方程各项的水平和垂直分布。结果表明,雨区附近的对流层上、下层均有大范围显著的余差存在,它意味着积云对流在涡度平衡中起着重要作用。