城市新公害─—高楼风

城市新公害─—高楼风长春市地处东北平原中部，由于特殊的地理位置，风比较大，尤其在春秋多大风季节里，当人们穿行在高层建筑群时，常会受到“怪”风的侵袭。并且随着楼群的高矮、疏密程度和走向的不同，风向、风力也不同，我们称这种“怪”风为“高楼风”．‘高楼风”...     

云迹风反演中高密度示踪云选取技术的研究

云迹风反演中的一项很重要的工作是选取随风移动、变化缓慢的云，即示踪云。文中设计了一种示踪云选取算法，以改善云迹风的质量和密度分布。该算法的特色是反演风的位置并不固定在反演网格的中心位置，而是通过梯度分析的方法使反演风的位置得到优化，再经过积雨云检测和灰度分布均匀程度检验，剔除不适合用来反演的目标物。对用该方法选取的示踪云进行云迹风反演，然后对反演出的云迹风进行环流分析，并与探空风进行比较。结果表明，反演出的云迹风质量好，密度很高，清晰地反映出天气系统的风场结构。     

三峡坛子岭单点地面矢量风分析

利用UVW三轴风速仪三峡坛子岭单点地面风观测资料分析了三峡坝区地面风速量值、风向风速出现频率分布、风的日变化规律等，并根据这些观测资料、结合一些地形风理论知识和观测现象推测了三峡坛子岭附近地面风平面流场特征，从而揭示了河道地形回流风这一特殊小地形下的局地风现象。三峡坛子岭附近地面的这种回流风尺度在百米到千米量级，与由于地形热力因子引起的山地风不同，是由于小地形的动力作用引起的，其风向与长江河道引导的山地风相反。     

WGS-84地心坐标系中高空风计算方法

根据高空风探测的基本概念，建立站心坐标系和WGS-84地心坐标系，在两种坐标系中分别对高空风进行计算，并对计算结果进行比较。计算结果表明，对于传统的高空风探测，可仍然采用站心坐标系进行高空风的计算；对于GPS定位测风，可根据位置参数直接采用地心坐标系进行高空风的计算。     

牛顿松弛方法的初值化与试验比较

本文采用一个有限区域数值预报模式，在平衡风和实测风初值的基础上引进和试验了牛顿松弛方法，并同单纯的平衡风初值及实测风初值作了比较，结果发现方法对初始场及总体预报结果均有明显改进。     

柳州风的特征在城市规划中的应用

分析了柳州市风的特征，阐明了风与城市规划的关系，并对城市规划中如何考虑风的特征进行了说明。     

高精度高空风预报技术探讨

针对航天气象保障中高分辨率高空风的预报需求，利用欧洲数值预报、GRAPESGFS、导航探空数据，通过WRF模式直接输出、高空风模式产品融合、动力统计订正等方法实现了20 km以下逐250 m的高空风短期预报，并选择2019年11月—2020年3月进行试验，结果表明：U风预报好于V风；5～14 km高空风预报效果好于其它层次；在模式产品融合基础上进行的动力统计订正，预报效果最好，对于同层U、V风，4 m/s偏差内预报准确率为77.4%,6 m/s偏差内预报准确率为93.2%。     

云迹风计算中的两个几何问题

文章分析了云迹风计算工作中所遇到的两个几何问题，即图像匹配问题和风矢量计算问题。图像匹配问题是指用于计算云迹风的两幅图像如果定位网格不一致，如何通过图像匹配来减少云迹风的计算误差。风矢量计算问题是指在已得到示踪云位置时，如何准确地求出风向风速。云迹风的计算在本质上是一个几何问题，几何处理周密是减少云迹风计算误差的一个重要途径。     

WAFS产品中GRIB资料中国区产品评估

为了给使用WAFS产品的用户提供量化参考依据，选取WAFS产品中常用区域和层次的GRIB数据，利用由国家气象中心提供的风、温客观分析网格点资料，与WAFS中同时刻的预报场产品（风、温网格点资料），用均方根误差进行数字化形式分析比较。结果表明：WAFS提供的风、温预报，通常是短时效的风、温预报比长时效的风、温预报更接近客观分析场；低层的预报比高层的预报更接近客观分析场；风的预报以v矢量的预报优于u矢量的预报；风的误差主要来源于u矢量的误差。     

污染天气下成都东部山地—平原风环流结构的数值模拟

本文利用中尺度模式WRF（V3.9）对2016年12月7日成都东部（龙泉山）一次污染过程下的山地—平原风环流进行了模拟，旨在探讨冬季污染天气下山地—平原风环流的结构和演变特征。此外，通过减少气溶胶光学厚度（AOD，Aerosol Optical Depth）的敏感性试验探究气溶胶污染对山地—平原风环流的影响。结果表明:冬季污染大气条件下成都平原地区存在显著逆温。龙泉山南北长、东西窄且高度较低，由于东、西坡辐射能量的不均匀分布和背景风的强迫，上午、凌晨和夜间均出现越山下坡风环流，上午强度较强，凌晨和夜间强度较弱。午后开始出现平原风环流，最大影响范围为山体宽度的3～4倍，17:00（当地标准时，下同）左右结束。各阶段环流在南北方向上差异较大，越山下坡风环流在南段最强，中段最弱；中、南段山体较低窄，平原风环流易被湍流掩盖，北段平原风环流最为明显。AOD减小后辐射及地表热通量均有所增加，中、南段湍流更加旺盛，边界层显著抬升且降低时间滞后，山体与平原间感热通量差异增加，北段平原风环流增强、持续时间增长。     

两种风场分解方法计算动能收支对比研究

使用两种风场分解方法，计算旋转风和辐散风动能收支方程各项时空平均值，结果表明两者差异不大，具有一定程度的可比性。     

Estimates of velocity-pressure and velocity-pressure gradient interactions in the surface layer over plant canopies

The budget equations of turbulent kinetic energy and shear stress contain interaction terms of velocity-pressure and velocity-pressure gradient. These terms were estimated in the surface layer using the air pressure observed at the surface and wind velocity components over plant canopies. The magnitude of the pressure interaction terms was significantly large; it was not negligible compared with the production terms in each budget equation. The present results obtained over a rough surface also confirmed previous results that pressure terms play an important role in the turbulent kinetic energy budgets and the shear stress budget. The height dependency of nondimensional pressure terms versus (z - d)/z ₀ was not clear.     

Reducing discrepancies in atmospheric heat budget of Tibetan Plateau by satellite-based estimates of radiative cooling and cloud-radiation feedback

Summary Past investigations of the summertime heat budget over the Tibetan Plateau have not included detailed estimates of radiative cooling (Q _R ) nor have they carefully considered the effects of cloudiness on this term. The various attempts to eyaluate different combinations of heat and moisture budget torms and to understand the sources of energy to the summer armospheric heat source over the plateau are not in agreement, partly because of remaining discrepancies in the radiative and turbulent flux components, and partly because until recently, the conventional data sets needed for independently estimating the total heating and moistening terms have been incomplete. The uncertainties in the radiative term have also led to difficulties in assessing the uncertainties in the other budget terms, since no study to date has assembled a complete enough data set to allow a unified calculation of all budget quantities or to obtain budget closure. Recently published results of Yanai and his colleagues involving apparent heat source calculations for the plateau region based on a much improved FGGE data set, have motivated the examination of whether more detailed radiative calculations can help resolve past discrepancies in the budget terms on a monthly time scale. This study uses a continuous time series of 22-km resolution INSAT geosynchronous satellite measurements and ECMWF profile analyses in conjunction with medium spectral resolution radiative transfer models to estimate the slicrtwave and longwave components of the radiative cooling term and the role of cloudiness on these components for the 1988 summer period. The calculations reveal both meridional and zonal structure in radiative divergence across the plateau associated with the substantial gradients of cloudiness and aridity that dominate the summertime plateau climatology. The calculations also indicate that the magnitudes of both cloud-induced shortwave heating and longwave cooling over the plateau are much greater than over low-elevation regions. Moreover, since cloud-induced longwave cooling exceeds cloud-induced shortwave heating, the bulk effect of clouds is to radiatively cool the plateau atmosphere. The high resolution calculations are reduced to monthly averaged budget quantities for analyzing whether existing discrepancies in the plateau heat budget can be resolved. Although there is no means to rigorously verify the accuracies and representativeness of the individual budget terms, the new radiative estimates combined with the most reliable current estimates of total heating and turbulent fluxes, produce near closure (within 4%) of the plateau heat budget for the June to August period.With 10 Figures     

Heat,momentum and moisture budgets of the katabatic layer over the melting zone of the west Greenland ice sheet in summer

The budgets of momentum, heat and moisture of the atmospheric boundary layer overlying the melting zone of the west Greenland ice sheet during an 8-day period in summer are calculated. To do so, the governing budget equations are derived and presented in terms of vertically averaged quantities. Moreover, stationarity is assumed in the present study. Measurements collected during the GIMEX-91 experiment are used to calculate the contribution of the different terms in the equations to the budget.During summer, a well developed katabatic wind system is present over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The budgets show that advection in the katabatic layer is small for momentum, heat and humidity, when the horizontal length scale of the integration area is sufficiently large (>50 km). This indicates that in principle one-dimensional atmospheric models can be used to study the boundary layer over the melting zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The background stratification plays a crucial role in the heat and moisture budget. Vertical divergence of longwave radiation provides one-third and the turbulent flux of sensible heat the rest of the cooling of the boundary layer. Moisture is added to the boundary layer by evaporation which is a significant term in the moisture budget. Negative buoyancy (katabatic forcing) dominates the momentum budget in the downslope direction. Coriolis forcing is important, stressing the large spatial scale of the katabatic winds on the Greenland ice sheet.     

Effectiveness of the Bjerknes stability index in representing ocean dynamics

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring coupled phenomenon originating in the tropical Pacific Ocean that relies on ocean–atmosphere feedbacks. The Bjerknes stability index (BJ index), derived from the mixed-layer heat budget, aims to quantify the ENSO feedback process in order to explore the linear stability properties of ENSO. More recently, the BJ index has been used for model intercomparisons, particularly for the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. This study investigates the effectiveness of the BJ index in representing the key ENSO ocean feedbacks—namely the thermocline, zonal advective, and Ekman feedbacks—by evaluating the amplitudes and phases of the BJ index terms against the corresponding heat budget terms from which they were derived. The output from Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator Ocean Model (a global ocean/sea ice flux-forced model) is used to calculate the heat budget in the equatorial Pacific. Through the model evaluation process, the robustness of the BJ index terms are tested. We find that the BJ index overestimates the relative importance of the thermocline feedback to the zonal advective feedback when compared with the corresponding terms from the heat budget equation. The assumption of linearity between variables in the BJ index formulation is the primary reason for these differences. Our results imply that a model intercomparison relying on the BJ index to explain ENSO behavior is not necessarily an accurate quantification of dynamical differences between models that are inherently nonlinear. For these reasons, the BJ index may not fully explain underpinning changes in ENSO under global warming scenarios.     

Diagnostic budget study of the internal variability in ensemble simulations of the Canadian RCM

Due to the chaotic and nonlinear nature of the atmospheric dynamics, it is known that small differences in the initial conditions (IC) of models can grow and affect the simulation evolution. In this study, we perform a quantitative diagnostic budget calculation of the various diabatic and dynamical contributions to the time evolution and spatial distribution of internal variability (IV) in simulations with the nested Canadian Regional Climate Model. We establish prognostic budget equations of the IV for the potential temperature and the relative vorticity fields. For both of these variables, the IV equations present similar terms, notably terms relating to the transport of IV by ensemble-mean flow and to the covariance of fluctuations acting on the gradient of the ensemble-mean state. We show the skill of these equations to diagnose the IV that took place in an ensemble of 20 3-month (summer season) simulations that differed only in their IC. Our study suggests that the dominant terms responsible for the large increase of IV are either the covariance term involving the potential temperature fluctuations and diabatic heating fluctuations, or the covariance of inter-member fluctuations acting upon ensemble-mean gradients. Our results also show that, on average, the third-order terms are negligible, but they can become important when the IV is large.     

Idealized Mesoscale Model Simulations of Open Cellular Convection Over the Sea

The atmospheric conditions during an observed case of open cellular convection over the North Sea were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model. Wind, temperature and water vapour mixing ratio profiles from the WRF simulation were used to initialize an idealized version of the model, which excluded the effects of topography, surface inhomogeneities and large-scale weather forcing. Cells with an average diameter of 17.4 km developed. Simulations both with and without a capping inversion were made, and the cell-scale kinetic energy budget was calculated for each case. By considering all sources of explicit diffusion in the model, the budgets were balanced. In comparison with previous work based on observational studies, the use of three-dimensional, gridded model data afforded the possibility of calculating all terms in the budgets, which showed that the important terms in the budgets were buoyancy, pressure balance and inter-scale transfer to subgrid scales. Cells were also composited to calculate the average cell-scale flow and each of the budget terms on two-dimensional cross-sections through the cells, parallel and perpendicular to the mean wind direction.     

The radiation budget in a regional climate model

The long- and short-wave components of the radiation budget are among the most important quantities in climate modelling. In this study, we evaluated the radiation budget at the earth??s surface and at the top of atmosphere over Europe as simulated by the regional climate model CLM. This was done by comparisons with radiation budgets as computed by the GEWEX/SRB satellite-based product and as realised in the ECMWF re-analysis ERA40. Our comparisons show that CLM has a tendency to underestimate solar radiation at the surface and the energy loss by thermal emission. We found a clear statistical dependence of radiation budget imprecision on cloud cover and surface albedo uncertainties in the solar spectrum. In contrast to cloud fraction errors, surface temperature errors have a minor impact on radiation budget uncertainties in the long-wave spectrum. We also evaluated the impact of the number of atmospheric layers used in CLM simulations. CLM simulations with 32 layers perform better than do those with 20 layers in terms of the surface radiation budget components but not in terms of the outgoing long-wave radiation and of radiation divergence. Application of the evaluation approach to similar simulations with two additional regional climate models confirmed the results and showed the usefulness of the approach.     

A global available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber for the FGGE year

Abstract

A global vertically integrated available potential energy‐kinetic energy budget in terms of the two‐dimensional wavenumber is formulated using spherical harmonics. Results of the budget equations applied to the four mid‐season months of the FGGE year are given.     

梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支特征

本文计算了1983年长江中下游梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支,并分别给出收支方程各项的水平和垂直分布。结果表明,雨区附近的对流层上、下层均有大范围显著的余差存在,它意味着积云对流在涡度平衡中起着重要作用。