黄土高原山地城市延安的热岛效应

利用延安城市站与延长农村站1969—2008年气温资料,分析了热岛效应对延安气温的影响。结果表明:延安城市发展对年平均气温的影响可分为三个阶段,1992年以前,延安站温度未受影响,1993—2002年,城市影响较轻,年平均气温的热岛效应增温贡献率为38.1%,2003年以后,热岛效应明显,增温在1℃以上,与大城市的热岛增温接近。热岛效应增温对四季温度的影响基本一致,热岛效应增温与自然增温贡献率相等。城市热岛效应对最低气温的影响开始时间早,影响程度高,对年平均最高气温基本无影响。受热岛效应影响,不但提高了城市的温度同时也改变城市的增温率,使得城市气温增温率加大。     

重庆市2006年夏季城市热岛分析

利用2006年6～8月重庆市区和郊区的26个自动气象站逐小时的观测数据和重庆市地形高程数据等资料,对重庆市夏季的城市热岛效应进行了分析.结果表明,重庆市存在明显的热岛效应,2006年夏季的平均热岛强度值为1.0 ℃,最大日平均热岛强度达1.8 ℃.热岛效应的日变化明显,热岛强度夜间强,白天弱,2006年夏季夜间平均热岛强度为1.4 ℃,夜间最大达到了2.6 ℃,热岛效应加重了市区夜间的高温热害.高温干旱的出现主要影响夜间的热岛效应,使夜间的平均热岛强度增加了约0.7 ℃.通过GIS空间化表明,主城区的温度受地形和城市布局的双重影响,高温中心位于城区沿江一带.热岛效应受天气系统影响强烈,当有天气过程时,热岛效应将明显减弱;而在稳定的晴热天气背景下,热岛效应最明显.     

内蒙古东南部降水相态判据的对比分析

利用内蒙古东南部通辽、赤峰两站1992—2012年的地面和探空数据,针对两地雨、雨夹雪和雪等不同的降水相态进行对比分析,结果表明:通辽站降雨或雨夹雪时850hPa气温特征较为接近,赤峰站降雨夹雪或雪时850hPa气温特征较为接近;通辽站850~700hPa两层之间的厚度降雨夹雪或雪时特征相近,赤峰站降雨或雨夹雪时特征相近,在箱线图中两层之间的厚度与850hPa温度分别对3种相态出现完全相反的叠加。在850、925hPa气温的判别指标中,赤峰较通辽站:降雨时分别高1.5℃和1.7℃、降雪时分别高2.4℃和3.8℃。气温(T)统计表明:降雨时通辽站气温在4.0℃以上、赤峰站气温在6.0℃以上,降雪时两站均T≤0.0℃,两站气温在0.0℃T≤4.0℃(通辽站,赤峰站为6.0℃)为雨、雨夹雪和雪共同出现的温度区间。虽然两站阈值大小有较大差异,但3种降水相态的出现均与中、低层厚度和低层气温密切相关,与中层的气温关系甚小,说明该地区中、低层厚度和低层气温高低决定地面降水相态。     

“乡村站”选取对江门地区城市热岛效应的影响

根据位于珠江三角洲的江门地区1962—2010年的国家气象观测站逐日平均、最高和最低气温资料,采用直线趋势差值法,对不同"乡村站"江门地区城市热岛强度的计算进行比较分析。研究结果表明:采用上川海岛站作为"乡村站"计算的城市热岛强度指标更能够反映江门地区城市的热岛效应差异;由此计算得到的江门地区城市的平均热岛效应在冬季和秋季表现强些,春季最弱;热岛效应使得最低气温平均增温约每10年0.2℃。在20世纪80年代以后,热岛效应表现更为明显,平均增温幅度约为每10年0.3℃。     

合肥城市发展对气候的影响

利用1968～1999午气象资料,选取肥西站作为对比站,分析了合肥市城市发展对气候的影响.结果表明城区热岛效应使近30年城乡年平均气温差值升高到0.5℃,年平均最低气温差值升高到0.8～1.0℃;但白天受下垫面和云量影响,城市最高温度增幅不明显.同时,热岛效应还使城区霜期缩短,30年来霜期缩短20～40天.城区干岛效应也使年降水量逐年相对减少(主要减少在汛期时段),30年来年降水量相对减少60～200 mm;城区空气日益干燥,每年的雾日数相对急剧减少,30年来减少10～20天.     

城市化对湖南冬季气温的影响

用虚拟乡村站模拟纬度、海拔高度、经度等自然因素对城市站气温的影响,城市站热岛效应用实际测量气温减去虚拟乡村站气温表示。湖南冬季热岛强度在1962—2004年总体上呈上升趋势, 1962—1985年平均热岛强度为0.04 ℃,1985—2004年为0.14 ℃。中等城市站热岛效应大于次小城市站,次大城市郊区站出现了冷岛效应。湖南冬季热岛效应与城市人口呈正相关,与冬季风速呈负相关。     

华北地区地表气温观测中城镇化影响的检测和订正

根据人口资料和台站位置将华北地区282个国家基本、基准站和一般气候站分为乡村站、小城市站、中等城市站、大城市站和特大城市站5个级别,用经过均一性检验和订正的平均气温资料分别讨论了各级城市站热岛效应对地面气温趋势的影响,发现人口为5×105～1×106的大城市站受到城市化影响最大,40年热岛增温达到0.64℃.作者还分析了华北地区城市化对国家基本、基准站1961～2000年期间观测的平均气温变化趋势的影响,结果表明,由热岛效应引起的国家基本、基准站年平均气温增暖为0.11℃/10 a,对这个时期全部增温的贡献达到37.9%.目前根据国家基本、基准站资料建立的区域和全国平均气温序列在很大程度上仍保留了城市化的影响.作者进一步对华北地区1961～2000年根据国家基本、基准站资料建立的区域年平均气温序列进行了订正,订正后气温线性趋势由0.29℃/10 a降低为0.18℃/10 a.消除城市化影响,研究时段内华北地区年平均地面气温线性增加值为0.72℃.     

北京地区城市热岛强度变化对区域温度序列的影响

通过对北京地区20个台站1961~2000年月平均温度资料的对比分析,证实热岛效应对城市气象站记录的地表平均气温的绝对影响随时间显著增大,近20 a尤为突出,但其相对影响即热岛增温对全部增暖的贡献却呈下降趋势。近40 a来,北京地区的国家基本、基准站平均温度距平序列与被认为不受城市热岛影响的郊区站平均温度距平序列差异明显,由于热岛效应加强因素引起的国家基本、基准站平均年温度变化速率为0.16℃/(10 a),对整个时期全部增温的贡献达到71%;近20 a来热岛效应加强因素使北京地区国家基本、基准站年平均温度每10 a增暖0.33℃,对该时期全部增温的贡献达到49%。城市热岛效应加强因素对国家基本、基准站季节平均温度上升的贡献在夏、秋季高,冬季最小。本文的结果说明,目前根据国家基本、基准站资料建立的全国或较大区域平均温度序列可能在很大程度上保留着城市化的影响,有必要做进一步的检验和订正。     

汉中市热岛效应变化特征分析

利用2009—2018年汉中国家基本气象站及望江、金寨、汉王、铺镇4个乡村区域站气温观测资料,采用城、郊气温对比法对汉中市热岛效应变化规律及其气象影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:汉中市近10年(2009—2018年)城区站年平均气温均高于周边郊区4站,2012年开始城区站气温呈明显逐年增加趋势,2013年以后城区站与郊区站温差迅速增大。近10年热岛效应强度年平均值为0.7℃,呈明显逐年增加趋势,特别是2014年以后热岛效应强度增加迅速,强度均值在0.8℃以上。近10年热岛效应强度存在明显的季节变化,表现为春季最强,冬季次之,夏季最弱;年内各月均存在热岛效应,8月—次年2月热岛效应强度逐渐增强,之后到8月逐渐减弱;一天当中,最冷月(1月)和最热月(7月)热岛效应强度均表现为夜间强白天较弱的特点,1月12—15时、7月11—14时出现"冷岛"效应;汉中市年平均热岛效应强度与年平均气温呈显著正相关,与年平均相对湿度和低云量呈显著负相关。     

近50年兰州城乡气温变化特征及其周末效应

利用兰州站和相邻的榆中站分别代表城市和乡村,采用其近50年逐日温度资料,应用周期分析方法,研究了两地气候变化特征及其周期性。结果表明:兰州年平均气温以0.34℃/10a显著升高,城市“热岛效应”显著,其变暖速率明显比临近乡村站快。规律性的工作日和双休日影响了城市气温变化,造成了明显的周末升温、7天周期的显著“周末效应”。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.