川渝地区夏季高温干旱变化特征及其异常年环流形势分析

分析了川渝地区夏季高温日数时间演变特征及其异常年份的环流形势.结果表明,川渝地区高温日数在20世纪50年代到70年代总体偏多,1979年是由多到少的突变年,80年代高温日数明显偏少,90年代以后又有增多趋势.川渝地区夏季高温酷暑年和凉夏年的环流形势存在着明显的差异.酷暑年,我国南海北部对流增强,使得西太平洋副热带高压偏北,乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区无持续性阻塞高压,同时东亚大槽变浅,青藏高原上升运动减弱.850 hPa距平风场上.川渝地区以南被东北距平风控制,以北被正南距平风控制,这种环流形势配合有利于川渝地区夏季高温干旱的发生、发展.前期春季OLR场变化特征可为川渝地区夏季高温干旱的预测提供一定的参考依据.     

重庆极端高温指标的对比及其与区域性增暖的关系

对重庆市极端高温指标进行了系统分类,即极值、绝对阈值和相对阈值指标,研究了1961—2008年各种极端高温指标自身变化规律及其与区域性增暖的关系,并对比分析了不同指标间的差异。结果表明,由于极端高温指标的定义不同在反映高温上存在一定差异。利用绝对阈值和极值指标能直观地看出极端高温事件的影响强弱,所以利用年极端最高气温、35 ℃以上高温日数等指标来判别高温影响强弱一直是业务上最常用的方法。相对阈值指标HWDI和WSDI,在定义上受到连续6天的限制,所以在某些高温年份与绝对阈值指标的高温指数差异明显。相对阈值指标(HWDI、WSDI和TX90p)在年内几乎所有季节都可能出现,所以作为年内指标而言,此类指标与年平均气温/最高气温变化的步调更加一致,尤其是TX90p,没有连续定义的限制,它与区域性增暖的关系更为密切。重庆是高温频发区,通过对不同高温指标的对比分析研究,能更好地为业务和科研人员提供参考,同时对极端高温的监测、检测及影响评估具有相当重要的意义。     

2003年云南夏季罕见高温干旱的诊断研究

2003年夏季云南出现了历史上罕见的大范围异常高温干旱天气,是自1961年以来云南最严重的夏季高温干旱天气之一,影响范围、持续时间及危害程度仅次于1983年。是20世纪80年代中期云南进入气温偏暖期后的一次夏季极端气候事件,打破多项历史纪录。利用高度、OLR、TBB等资料对此次气候灾害过程进行了诊断分析。发现西太平洋副热带高压持续稳定且偏强偏西,季风低压偏弱偏西,云南TBB值偏高,降水云系较少,OLR值偏高,对流活动抑制,云南正好处于东、西两个垂直环流圈的下沉气流控制区是形成高温干旱的主要原因。     

高温对海南岛西南部干旱影响研究

利用1966—2018 年海南岛18个台站逐日降水和高温资料,对海南岛西南部干旱与高温进行相关分析。结果表明:海南岛西南部4—6月高温、干旱的空间分布较为相似,西南部高温多,也是干旱的易发地;降水极端偏少年与高温日数的极端偏多年有较好的一致性,均出现重大干旱灾害,这说明高温过程的出现会加重气象干旱的发展。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对比分析4—6月极端旱年和涝年大气环流异常特征,发现阻塞高压、东亚大槽和阿留申低压偏弱,南亚高压偏强,海南岛上空为反气旋式异常环流,高层辐合、低层辐散,是造成4—6月海南岛西南部高温干旱的异常环流背景。     

九江市2003年夏季高温干旱成因分析

通过对2003年7月～8月上旬九江严重高温干旱的大尺度环流形势背景分析,并与历年同期500hPa环流特征对比,发现副热带高压强盛稳定、西风带纬向环流偏强、经向环流偏弱是九江地区夏季高温干旱的主要原因。     

三峡库区夏季旱涝变化特征及成因

利用1951-2008年三峡库区范围内10个国家基本站的夏季降水资料,通过Z指数分析了三峡库区夏季旱涝的变化特征,确定出6个严重涝年(1954,1956,1980,1982,1983年和1998年)和6个严重旱年(1959,1966,1972,1976,2001年和2006年)。结合NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料以及NOAA的OLR资料,对严重旱涝年份的大气环流形势进行合成分析。结果表明:三峡库区夏季旱涝变化具有较好的一致性,1979年经历了由旱到涝的年代际转变;2001年后,三峡库区进入偏旱阶段。三峡库区夏季严重涝年和旱年环流形势存在显著差异,当100hPa南亚高压异常强大,500hPa高度距平场欧亚高纬度地区从自西向东呈"-+-"距平波列分布,乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海地区有持续性阻塞高压发展,西太平洋暖池对流偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压位置易偏南,三峡库区以南的西南水汽输送增强,使得三峡库区的水汽辐合增强,这种环流形势配合有利于三峡库区洪涝的发生,严重旱年则相反。     

宝鸡夏季高温气候特征及极端高温年环流分析

利用1970—2019年宝鸡11个国家级自动气象站夏季逐日最高气温和逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,统计分析宝鸡夏季高温的气候特征,并对极端高温年的环流形势进行合成分析。结果表明：受地形和海拔高度影响,宝鸡夏季高温日数呈现中部平原多,南北山区少的特点。夏季宝鸡区域高温频次呈增多趋势,气候倾向率为189 站次/10 a;区域高温频次具有明显的年代际变化,2010年代最多,且8月明显偏多,6月明显偏少;高温出现时段差异大,2000—2014年多出现在6—7月,2015年以后多出现在7—8月。极端高温年环流特征为西太平洋副热带高压面积大、强度大、脊线位置偏北、西伸脊点偏西,东亚大槽偏强,西藏高压偏强。在极端高温年,中纬度地区对流层为位势高度正距平,宝鸡在对流层高层受南亚高压控制,中层处于脊前西北气流中,低层为异常反气旋环流;物理量场具有高温低湿的特征,下沉运动较常年明显偏强,下沉增温明显,水汽通量输送较常年偏少。     

南京56年来夏季气温变化特征分析

利用南京市1951年1月～2007年2月逐日温度观测资料,分析讨论了南京56年夏季平均气温、极端最高气温、热积温和高温日数的变化趋势和特征,利用候温法研究了南京夏季候平均气温≥22 ℃的候数变化和南京夏季时间尺度的演变,探讨了南京夏季各温度指标的年代变化和凉夏、酷暑的分布。结果表明,56年来南京夏季平均气温是上升的,而极端高温和热积温1990年代以前是下降的,但本世纪头几年回升明显;当今南京的夏季始于5月下旬或中旬,终于9月下旬或10月上旬,南京夏季时间尺度的明显增长与全球变暖相对应;南京1950、1960年代夏季较热,酷暑年较多,1970、1980年代较凉,凉夏年较多,1990年代以后夏季气温回升,但本世纪头几年南京夏季虽较热但未有凉夏、酷暑的异常年出现。南京温度及热积温的变化与大气环流演变和热带海洋海-气相互作用紧密相联,致使南京相应降水日数、日照时数等的变化,可引起南京夏季气温的相应变化。     

武汉市10个主要极端天气气候指数变化趋势分析

根据武汉市1951—2007年逐日气温、降水量计算分析了10个极端天气气候指数的变化特征。结果表明:1)4个气温指数中,年及四季高、低温阈值均为上升趋势,并造成最长热浪天数的延长和霜冻日数的减少;低温阈值升速明显快于高温阈值,高温阈值仅在春季变化显著,最长热浪天数仅在冬季变化显著;低温阈值则为极显著上升趋势,尤其是年和冬季,造成"热春"、"暖冬"频繁;暖夜、闷热、傍晚至夜间的强对流等显著增多,暖日、高温热浪增加,霜冻日大幅减少。2)6个极端降水指数以增趋势为主,其中强降水阈值、比例、日数以及最大5日降水量在冬季增趋势最明显,仅夏季强降水阈值、比例略有减小,冬季日降水强度的增大趋势、夏季持续干期的缩短趋势显著性水平分别可达0.1、0.01。3)一些气温指数在1980—1990年代发生突变,而降水指数未现突变。     

大兴安岭地区2000年夏季高温天气特征及成因分析

对2000年夏季高温天气特征和造成这种天气气候的主要成因作了详细分析.主要结论为:大兴安岭地区多数台站夏季的平均气温接近或超过历史极值;≥30 ℃高温日数偏多,初日早、终日晚;极端最高气温未突破历史极值. 造成今年夏季高温酷热天气的主要成因是夏季气温正处于短期气候的变暖趋势里,并处于周期变化中偏高的位相里;极涡偏弱偏向极地和南亚高压偏强偏东偏北是造成今年夏季气温异常偏高的最直接的气象因素;强烈的太阳活动和赤道东太平洋上弱的负海温距平也是造成今年夏季气温偏高的重要原因.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on