精细数值预报在60周年国庆天气服务中的应用

在60周年国庆天气服务中,使用ARPS实时分析预报系统,将地面观测、探空、自动站、雷达基数据和风云2卫星TBB等多种观测资料同化,使用较多的观测数据调整模式初始场,对天安门地区未来3天的天气逐日进行精细化数值预报。对ARPS系统的降水落区和量级预报能力及单点降水预报准确率检验结果表明:对于秋季低槽东移造成的华北地区的大范围降水,ARPS系统有较好的预报能力,12-36 h预报的1 mm降水落区与实况十分吻合,降水量预报通常略大于实况;对单点的1 h的累积降水预报,预报降水的开始时间较实际降水时间提前1-3 h,1h累积降水随时间增大或减小的变化趋势预报比较准确。综合看来,使用ARPS实时分析预报系统进行精细化天气预报是可行的,数值预报的结果对于精细化天气预报决策具有较好的参考价值。     

2015年北京田径世锦赛开幕式天气的精细化预报与方法

重大活动关键时段的定点预报一直是天气预报服务的难点,因此对2015年北京田径世锦赛开幕式天气的预报思路和方法进行分析总结,结果表明开幕式天气采取了时间、空间逐步递进的精细化预报思路,每个阶段的预报重点、使用的预报方法和信息资料是不同的。短期预报以天气诊断和数值预报方法为主,应用多尺度数值模式和集合预报产品,预报出开幕式当天在东北冷涡背景下北京东部的强对流天气和鸟巢出现弱降水的可能性;短时临近预报依据高时空分辨率的探测资料、快速更新的同化产品和中尺度模式,采用多资料融合技术,对稳定度、水汽和阵风锋等多要素综合分析,预判雷暴的生消变化,跟进预报了开幕式鸟巢地区无降水,保障活动顺利举行。     

一种基于多种资料融合技术的短时临近预报方法

介绍由奥地利国家气象局开发的基于多种资料融合技术的短时临近预报系统(INCA)的核心技术。INCA系统以数值预报输出场为第一猜值,利用气象卫星、天气雷达,地面自动观测站资料进行融合分析订正后形成分析场,结合线形外推技术和数值预报结果,对降水、温度、湿度、风、云等作出高时空分辨率的临近预报,其技术路线对今后我国发展短时临近预报技术具有很重要的指导作用。     

鹤壁市雷暴短时监测和临近预报流程

利用卫星云图数字化资料、雷达探测和雷电定位探测资料对雷暴天气进行短时监测 ,并与多种短期预报方法集成 ,建立时效为 3～ 6小时的雷暴临近预报流程 ,从而达到预测强对流天气之目的。     

风廓线雷达资料在3次气旋过程短临预报中的应用

利用2008年8月3次气旋过程中风廓线雷达测得的风数据,结合区域自动站数据和天气学理论,对气旋和高空槽天气系统的移动情况、气象要素变化和对短期或临近预报的指导作用进行了分析和总结。结果表明：可以根据风廓线图中风的演变情况,辅以区域自动站、天气图等资料,对气旋和高空槽天气系统所带来的降水、大风等天气发展趋势提供可靠的指示作用。从而为气旋、高空槽短时临近预报的精细化提供实况和理论上的支持,进而达到提高短时临近预报、特别是对危险天气的预报准确率。     

新一代双偏振天气雷达(CINRAD/SAD)精细化探测技术

新一代双偏振天气雷达在暴雨、台风等灾害性天气监测和预警中发挥了重要的作用。随着气象现代化发展以及预报时效性、精细化度的要求不断提高,S波段新一代双偏振天气雷达已不能充分满足发展过程迅速的中小尺度天气系统的研究、预警。气象雷达的时空分辨率对探测强对流过程中小尺度结构有重要作用,提高天气雷达时空分辨率是精细化探测技术的关键,本文着重从新一代天气雷达的时空分辨率、体扫方式等方面,通过对天气雷达脉冲重复频率、信号处理方法及扫描方式等进行改进,提高新一代双偏振天气雷达对中小尺度气旋和龙卷风等灾害性天气的探测能力,以获取快速变化的天气过程精细化特征,获得更新更快、分辨率更高的观测资料。     

2007年6月7日大暴雨定量降水精细化临近预报初步探讨

通过利用多普勒雷达资料、运用交叉相关法计算大面积稳定降水回波的移速,用外推法尝试做未来1-2小时定量降水的精细化预报,经检验,1h定量降水预报效果较好,2h定量降水预报在降水回波较稳定时,仍有一定的效果。     

亚运气象服务演练预报检验分析

通过检验2009年广州亚运气象服务演练中预报员的综合预报和SAFEGUARD精细化预报系统产品,分析预报误差,结果表明:1)温度预报,预报员对转折性降温过程的释用产品修正效果明显,而平稳天气过程则不显著;2)定量降水预报,预报员对降水出现的时间分布主要依靠模式或客观释用,对小量级降水系统性高估,而对大量级降水则明显低估;3)亚运场馆风场受周边城市环境影响大,预报难度高。     

宁夏精细化预报产品显示与评价业务系统

介绍了一个建立在微机平台上的宁夏精细化预报产品显示与评价业务系统。该系统从宁夏气象骨干网获取宁夏本地精细化预报产品、本地有限区中尺度数值预报产品及天气实况资料，通过不同方式进行显示输出，并对预报产品进行多种客观评价。该系统为宁夏气象台发布精细化天气预报提供了技术支持。     

2007年6月7日大暴雨定量降水精细化临近预报初步探讨

通过利用多普勒雷达资料、运用交叉相关法计算大面积稳定降水回波的移速,用外推法尝试做未来1~2小时定量降水的精细化预报,经检验,1h定量降水预报效果较好,2h定量降水预报在降水回波较稳定时,仍有一定的效果。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on