面向预报员的精细化数值预报产品应用培训需求研究

伴随高分辨率数值预报、集合预报和人工智能等关键技术的发展,现代气象预报业务已进入精细化、无缝隙、数字化的智能网格预报时代。为提升广大预报员对数值预报的应用水平,提高预报服务综合效果,从精细化网格预报业务发展对预报员能力素养的新要求和预报员能力现状两方面开展数值预报应用的培训需求研究。结果显示,预报员在综合运用多源资料提升精细化数值预报应用水平方面具有迫切培训需求,在培训数值预报技术进展、产品特点、应用方法的基础上,培训需求呈现出向研究型业务和针对性服务发展的趋势。从数值预报应用培训的内容来看,最大培训需求集中在数值预报新技术原理、产品精细化评估和订正、多源资料综合应用策略三个方面。对预报员分层次进行分析,显示新预报员需求较广泛,相对侧重数值预报基础应用,骨干预报员侧重预报产品评估和订正方法等实用技术,首席预报员相对侧重研究性。最后对开发面向预报员的分层分类数值预报应用培训课程提出了建议,为教学策划和课程设计提供参考。     

采用AHP方法的气象服务社会经济效益定量评估分析

评估选用社会调查资料中公众对评估指标的得票支持率初始化AHP模型准则层的底层指标权重系数,避免执行AHP方法中繁琐的多指标权重计算,然后以AHP模型为基准对气象服务产品的社会经济效益进行定量化评估.评估以"现有常规气象服务产品"及"FDP产品"为AHP方案层的备选方案,评估权重适当向体现奥运气象服务需求的指标项倾斜.评估结果表明FDP产品在满足现有用户气象服务及奥运气象服务需求上享有绝对的优势.研究得出:现有天气预报产品需要进一步提高预报结果的时间和空间分辨率;需要丰富FDP等短时临近预报产品的信息传递方式;需要提高信息传递的及时性,改进气象服务的质量.     

主客观融合定量降水预报方法及平台实现

随着天气预报业务现代化的发展,预报员面临气象数据爆发增长、服务前端需求不断提高以及客观预报技术广泛应用带来的挑战。传统以手工绘制降水落区为主的定量降水预报(QPF)技术流程已经不能帮助预报员在更高层面体现附加值。为支撑预报员在QPF流程中的核心作用,设计和开发了主客观融合QPF平台。该平台从海量预报数据选取、多源QPF集成、QPF调整和订正、格点化处理和服务产品制作五个方面帮助预报员控制数字化预报全流程。发展了多项关键技术支持平台的智能化,包括多模式QPF数据集构建技术、多模式QPF集成技术、QPF预报场调整和订正技术以及格点场后处理技术。基于MICAPS4系统,实现了主客观融合QPF平台的主要功能,发布了"QPF Master Blender 1.0"版本,并在2017年5月投入业务应用,取得良好反馈和效果。最后,对平台的未来发展进行了展望,包括发展数值模式检验评估工具支持预报员做出最优判断,研究多尺度模式信息的融合技术等。     

北京2008年奥运气象服务预报员培训总结

为了更好地为2008年北京奥运会提供气象服务，并借鉴奥运主办国先进的服务经验，在中国气象局各级领导的大力推动和澳大利亚气象局的通力合作下，“北京2008年奥运气象服务预报员培训”代表团一行10人（毕宝贵、吴洪、廖晓农、盛春岩、漆梁波、赵玉春、罗慧、涂小萍、曹彦、张迎新）于2005年11月4日前往澳大利亚进行为期4个月的奥运气象预报服务经验及精细化预报技术的培训。     

浅谈提高天气预报准确率

随着气象科技的进步以及社会经济发展对气象服务需求的不断增加,提高天气预报准确率显得日益重要,而正确应用数值预报产品是达到这一目的的有效途径。作者从正确认识"天气预报准确率"这一概念的相对性出发,探讨了合理应用数值预报产品的重要性以及预报员在其中扮演的关键角色。     

智能网络预报业务发展前景下预报员作用的思考

利用MICAPS常规数据,陕西现代气象一体化智能网格预报平台预报检验数据,以及陕西天气业务实时评估平台预报评分数据,选取2017年1—6月省级预报员综合主观预报结果与智能网格平台的多模式集成结果进行对比分析,同时选取2017年8月11—14日在西安周边发生的一次分散性强对流天气的预报服务作为个案分析,研究在智能预报发展前景下,预报员在预报业务体系中的位置与作用。研究结果表明,智能预报体系中预报员的作用是不可取代的,但是,预报员的职能将根据气象业务现代化的推进实现角色的转变,常规精细化预报产品将越来越不需要预报员的人工干预,预报员需要更加快速准确地进行灾害性天气的精细化订正,制作针对性服务产品,深入研究灾害性天气的机理,总结预报经验,改进数值预报模型的算法,为提高人工智能的效果提出建议和方法;对预报员的评价体系应该从预报准确率评分转变为灾害性天气订正技巧评分,以订正技巧来衡量一个预报员的业务水平。     

智能网格预报业务发展前景下预报员作用的思考

利用MICAPS常规数据,陕西现代气象一体化智能网格预报平台预报检验数据,以及陕西天气业务实时评估平台预报评分数据,选取2017年1—6月省级预报员综合主观预报结果与智能网格平台的多模式集成结果进行对比分析,同时选取2017年8月11—14日在西安周边发生的一次分散性强对流天气的预报服务作为个案分析,研究在智能预报发展前景下,预报员在预报业务体系中的位置与作用。研究结果表明,智能预报体系中预报员的作用是不可取代的,但是,预报员的职能将根据气象业务现代化的推进实现角色的转变,常规精细化预报产品将越来越不需要预报员的人工干预,预报员需要更加快速准确地进行灾害性天气的精细化订正,制作针对性服务产品,深入研究灾害性天气的机理,总结预报经验,改进数值预报模型的算法,为提高人工智能的效果提出建议和方法;对预报员的评价体系应该从预报准确率评分转变为灾害性天气订正技巧评分,以订正技巧来衡量一个预报员的业务水平。     

如何做好区县天气预报

从了解责任区域内影响气候的主要因素,熟悉责任区域内天气气候特点,掌握责任区域内预报服务的重点和内容,做好数值预报产品对本地降水、气温预报能力的检验分析和应用,加强历史天气个例的分析总结等方面介绍了区县天气预报一线服务人员制作责任区域内天气预报的一些经验和方法,形成适合本地预报员的工作流程,这些经验和方法为区县预报员制作本地天气预报提供了参考,从而进一步适应区县气象综合业务服务发展需求。     

2013年暖季试验概述

2013年,国家气象中心联合中国气象科学研究院、南京大学、中国科学院大气物理研究所开展暖季试验,探索业务单位与科研单位合作的新途径,以实现对业务相关研究的促进并加速有应用前景的技术向业务转化。本文介绍支持暖季试验的仿真业务环境、强天气联合会商及凝练的科学技术问题以及新技术应用测试转化结果。通过暖季试验,搭建起能对业务数据和被测试转化成果产品实时保障的仿真业务数据环境、完全仿业务定量降水预报和强对流天气预报的仿真业务分析预报交互平台以及能实时评估业务数值模式和测试模式产品的客观检验系统。定期联合会商为预报员和科学家提供了面对面的交流平台,使得科学家更加了解业务需求并通过分析研究解决部分会商中提出的科学技术问题。新技术应用测试转化试验表明： 高分辨率中尺度数值模式对提升强对流和暴雨天气的预报水平有积极意义,雷达风场反演技术、卫星天气应用平台对中尺度天气的快速分析有意义。而预报员与科技成果研发人员能否密切合作是影响科技成果业务转化的重要因素。     

亚运气象服务演练预报检验分析

通过检验2009年广州亚运气象服务演练中预报员的综合预报和SAFEGUARD精细化预报系统产品,分析预报误差,结果表明:1)温度预报,预报员对转折性降温过程的释用产品修正效果明显,而平稳天气过程则不显著;2)定量降水预报,预报员对降水出现的时间分布主要依靠模式或客观释用,对小量级降水系统性高估,而对大量级降水则明显低估;3)亚运场馆风场受周边城市环境影响大,预报难度高。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Our Warmest Thanks to AAS Reviewers 2014

正The editorial office of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS),on behalf of all AAS editors,would like to publicly acknowledge the people listed below who served as reviewers for the journal daring 1 September 2013 to 24 August 2014.We recognize that the time and work of the reviewers is the most important resource in academic publishing.The quality of our journal depends in a crucial way upon the reviewing process and therefore all reviewers'time and efforts taken to sustain the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.