夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析——Ⅲ:环流场稳定维持的物理机制

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年夏季青藏高原地区进行了涡度方程诊断分析,研究了它们的月际变化、逐日变化和日变化,与高原上积云对流活动的强弱变化进行了比较,讨论了夏季高原稳定的环流场维持的物理机制;同时还对同时期热带赤道地区强对流活动区域进行了涡度方程诊断分析,将其涡旋环流场的维持机制与夏季高原地区进行了比较. 通过分析,发现夏季青藏高原月平均涡度方程平衡关系主要是次网格尺度项和散度项的平衡,水平平流项的耗散作用在高空较强,但不如次网格尺度项强,涡度方程其余各项均很小.从月际变化、逐日变化和日变化的比较,发现当积云对流活动发生强弱变化时,ω、D和涡度方程中的散度项、次网格尺度项均伴随很强的相应变化,对应关系很好,说明涡度方程中的次网格尺度项R(余差项)的主要部分来源于积云对流系统的活动,反映了夏季高原上存在的强盛频繁的积云对流活动对高原平均环流场的形成和维持具有重要的作用. 使夏季青藏高原高低层环流场加强的物理机制足高低层气流强大的辐散辐合,耗散机制是积云对流系统对高低层涡度的上下搅拌垂直输送作用和网格尺度水平平流项的非线性耗散作用,其中前者起主要的作用. 从涡旋能量维持的角度看,夏季青藏     

青藏高原东北侧伏旱环流强迫场的数值研究

过去的研究结果指出，青藏高原东北侧的伏旱是在副高控制下的干旱，其干旱的典型环流呈上下一致的正压结构。为进一步研究青藏高原东北侧伏旱环流的维持机制，利用一个带有强迫和耗散的球面无辐散准地转正压涡度方程谱模式和经过严格挑选的五个实际典型伏旱个例（共48d)环流场，通过求解平衡方程得到了伏旱环流强迫场，再用该强迫场分别在有强迫和无强迫情形下进行了8d的数值试验。结果表明：伏旱环流的平均维持时间在一周左右，影响和维持它的外界强迫主要来自青藏高原北侧，干旱环流强迫场的存在对干旱环流的维持有重要影响。     

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析 II:环流场的主要特征及其大型垂直环流场

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年7月月平均进行分析,计算了垂直速度、散度、垂直剖面函数和速度势函数等物理量以及上升气流轨迹,给出了夏季高原主体地区环流场的主要特征和详细的高原地区不同经纬度剖面垂直环流场的特征和分布. 配合夏季高原高层强大稳定的反气旋高压带,高原主体地区为整层上升气流区,但ω场有东西两个上升中心,它们是两个对流活动上升中心,两部的中心位于狮泉河和改则之间偏北的地区,东部的位于那曲一带. 本文给出了高原地区三个主要的经向环流圈(南北两侧下沉的小环流圈、跨赤道的季风环流圈)的经度位置和高原地区与西太平洋之间发生遥相关的主要纬度位置,发现在跨赤道的季风环流圈中,在赤道以南的下沉气流主要来自高原与15°N之间,从高原上升的气流仅在对流层上部(200hPa左右)跨过赤道.从高原西部上升的气流往往从非洲至印度尼西亚一带跨过赤道,而从高原东部及其东侧我国大陆上升的气流往往下沉在太平洋和北大西洋地区.     

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析——Ⅱ:环流场的主要特征及其大型垂直环流场

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年7月月平均进行分析,计算了垂直速度、散度、垂直剖面函数和速度势函数等物理量以及上升气流轨迹,给出了夏季高原主体地区环流场的主要特征和详细的高原地区不同经纬度剖面垂直环流场的特征和分布. 配合夏季高原高层强大稳定的反气旋高压带,高原主体地区为整层上升气流区,但ω场有东西两个上升中心,它们是两个对流活动上升中心,两部的中心位于狮泉河和改则之间偏北的地区,东部的位于那曲一带. 本文给出了高原地区三个主要的经向环流圈(南北两侧下沉的小环流圈、跨赤道的季风环流圈)的经度位置和高原地区与西太平洋之间发生遥相关的主要纬度位置,发现在跨赤道的季风环流圈中,在赤道以南的下沉气流主要来自高原与15°N之间,从高原上升的气流仅在对流层上部(200hPa左右)跨过赤道.从高原西部上升的气流往往从非洲至印度尼西亚一带跨过赤道,而从高原东部及其东侧我国大陆上升的气流往往下沉在太平洋和北大西洋地区.     

欧亚地形对夏季南亚大气环流日变化影响的数值模拟研究

利用大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG）气候模式F-GOALS的大气谱分量SAMIL，设计了有、无欧亚地形的对比试验，并与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行比较，通过分析其流场、高度场、温度和涡度的差异，得到欧亚大陆地形对夏季大气环流场日变化的影响特征。结果表明，欧亚大陆地形对大气环流和气候日变化的影响主要集中在青藏高原地区。由于青藏高原上空大气对太阳辐射加热场的日变化最为敏感，随着日间加热场的增强，热力适应造成白天高原低层大气气旋性环流加深，相应地使周边地区向高原辐合增强，引起高原地区日间的上升运动更为强盛，而使大气高层反气旋环流增强，引起高原上空向外辐散气流增强。也就是地形效应在白天增强了高原“感热气泵”的效率，使其产生明显的日变化，随之带来高原及周边地区局地环流强烈的日变化。由于上升运动的日变化，引起高原南部地区降水的日变化，同时降水的增加正反馈于上升运动，使得上升运动在高原南部地区日变化尤为强烈。     

一次MCC转MCV过程中动热力结构特征演变的诊断

为深入了解青藏高原上中尺度对流复合体(MCC)及其向中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)转化过程中的动热力结构特征演变和发展机理,利用NCEP FNL再分析资料、FY-2E及TRMM卫星资料,对2013年7月22—23日青藏高原上的一次MCC转化MCV的过程进行数值模拟,对其发生的环境背景,以及过程中的涡度、温度和能量收支演变等进行诊断。结果表明:低层水平涡度向垂直涡度的转换,以及垂直方向上正涡度的输送,形成了垂直方向上有利于对流涡旋发展的正反气旋性环流配置。转化过程中大气中上部温度正异常主要来自于可分辨的凝结,温度升高使得高层等压面抬升;下方冷却异常主要来自于蒸发作用和垂直运动,低层温度降低引起等压面收缩下降,这样的配置有利于涡旋发展、对流上升运动加强以及降水发生。对流活动释放的潜热能是转化过程中的主要能量来源,高空急流入口区直接热力环流引发的有效位能向动能转化,也为MCC向MCV转化提供了能量。     

夏季青藏高原500hPa高压活动期间大气加热状况与大气环流特征

由于青藏高原５００ｈＰａ层出现高压系统的活动，使高原大气产生＂上高下高＂的气压场结构，从而东亚大气环流也发生某些相应的变化。本文统计分析了高原５００ｈＰａ高压的散度与垂直速度分布、高原大气热源的演变和１００ｈＰａ层涡度、纬向风以及经圈环流的变化等。结果认为，由于夏季高原５００ｈＰａ高压的活动，使高原上空垂直上升运动和对流加热受到抑制，１００ｈＰａ南亚高压强度减弱、位置北抬、有向西部型过渡的特征．高原北侧西风急流减弱，东风急流南支与北支合并后位于原北文东风急流位置以南，侵入高原南麓的西南季风减弱。与此同时，孟加拉湾上空上升运动有所增强，其对流加热对维持东风急流乃至南亚季风将起重要作用。     

1998年夏季青藏高原上东移MCS环境场特征的聚类分析

在对夏季青藏高原上中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行自动追踪的基础上,利用环境物理量场数值格点预报资料(HLAFS),运用空间聚类中的CLARANS法对东移出高原的MCS环境场进行了挖掘和分析,获得了在青藏高原地区大气低层MCS热力场(温度场、湿度场和水汽通量散度场)和动力场(涡度场、散度场和垂直速度场)的空间分布特征,从而揭示了有利于MCS形成、发展和东移出高原的动力和热力学条件。MCS环境场中的散度场、垂直速度场以及水汽通量散度场空间分布特征的变化是MCS发展、演变的重要影响因素,这为夏季青藏高原上MCS发生、发展的动力及热力学机制的研究,以及高原上MCS移动路径的预测提供了一种全新而有效的方法。     

热带气旋登陆维持和迅速消亡的诊断研究

采用动态合成方法, 对登陆后长久维持热带气旋(LTC)和迅速衰亡热带气旋(STC)的涡度、动能、热量和水汽的收支平衡进行计算和对比分析.结果表明: (1)LTC在陆上长久维持过程中, 其低层正涡度衰减缓慢并保持一定强度.STC登陆后正涡度减弱较快.(2)热带气旋登陆后涡度的收支主要取决于水平散度项、平流项和剩余项.散度项使LTC低层正涡度增加, 高层减少, 平流项和剩余项则使其低层涡度减弱, 高层涡度增加.总体而言, LTC自高层获得正涡度的补充, STC则没有获得环境正涡度.(3)低层, 摩擦耗散使LTC动能减少, 但动能通量辐合可补充部分动能而减缓衰减.中高层, LTC登陆后36～60 h动能收大于支, 动能的增加一部分来自于斜压动能制造, 一部分来自于次网格尺度.STC有类似的动能耗散, 却无动能补充.(4)LTC登陆后保持一定强度, 并从外界获得热量和水汽补充来支持积云对流发展, 而积云对流对LTC的维持具有正反馈作用.STC登陆后没有这一过程.     

夏季青藏高原低涡的能量场分析

本文采用视热源方程，视水汽汇方程，扰动能量方程和涡度方程对1979年6月的三次低涡进行了分析和研究，得到了以下结论:在低涡生成和发展过程中，积云和乱流引起的总热量的垂直涡旋输送很大。当大气处于条件不稳定时，γs＜γ＜γα，积云和乱流的这种输送结果，使得低涡的正涡度增长上升到较高层次；另外，积云和乱流对总热量的垂直涡旋输送使得低涡内扰动有效位能增加，然后向扰动动能转换，使低涡得以生成和发展。     

Entropy production and coarse graining of the climate fields in a general circulation model

We extend the analysis of the thermodynamics of the climate system by investigating the role played by processes taking place at various spatial and temporal scales through a procedure of coarse graining. We show that the coarser is the graining of the climatic fields, the lower is the resulting estimate of the material entropy production. In other terms, all the spatial and temporal scales of variability of the thermodynamic fields provide a positive contribution to the material entropy production. This may be interpreted also as that, at all scales, the temperature fields and the heating fields resulting from the convergence of turbulent fluxes have a negative correlation, while the opposite holds between the temperature fields and the radiative heating fields. Moreover, we obtain that the latter correlations are stronger, which confirms that radiation acts as primary driver for the climatic processes, while the material fluxes dampen the resulting fluctuations through dissipative processes. We also show, using specific coarse-graining procedures, how one can separate the various contributions to the material entropy production coming from the dissipation of kinetic energy, the vertical sensible and latent heat fluxes, and the large scale horizontal fluxes, without resorting to the full three-dimensional time dependent fields. We find that most of the entropy production is associated to irreversible exchanges occurring along the vertical direction, and that neglecting the horizontal and time variability of the fields has a relatively small impact on the estimate of the material entropy production. The approach presented here seems promising for testing climate models, for assessing the impact of changing their parametrizations and their resolution, as well as for investigating the atmosphere of exoplanets, because it allows for evaluating the error in the estimate of their thermodynamical properties due to the lack of high-resolution data. The findings on the impact of coarse graining on the thermodynamic fields on the estimate of the material entropy production deserve to be explored in a more general context, because they provide a way for understanding the relationship between forced fluctuations and dissipative processes in continuum systems.     

Telecorrelation of the 500 hPa polar circulation and El Nino/SO with the temperature fields in China

By using the monthly data from 1951 through 1984, empirical orthogonal expansion is performed for the 500 hPa geopotential height north of 65oN and the canonical fields are clustered by fuzzy classification. It is noted that both the mean monthly polar vortex fields and the large-scale anomaly fields fall into three regimes, with those of the January mean field and the April anomaly field having characteristic features. In addition, the relationship between the time weigthing coefficients of the canonical fields and El Nino / SO is examined, showing significant anomalies in the large-scale polar anomaly fields during April and October of the year when El Nino occurs. These polar circulation anomalies have considerably influenced the temperature fields in China during April and October. Thus, we may con-clude that this is one of the most important reasons for a relatively cool April and a warm October in China during the El Nino year.     

近30 a影响皖北东部降水的台风环流场研究

分析1981—2014年7—9月影响皖北东部地区的台风特征,统计不同台风路径和降雨量之间的关系,研究不同路径下皖北东部出现暴雨的环流场特征,结果表明:(1)西北行、陆面转向、海面转向和其他类路径的台风都可以影响皖北东部,并产生降水。其中产生降水个例最多的台风路径为陆面转向类,次多为西北行类。(2)台风影响时无降水、非暴雨和暴雨3类降水个例的500 hPa平均环流场对比分析表明:当有台风影响皖北东部时,配合西风槽或副高阻挡更有利于产生强降水。(3)西北行类台风暴雨的环流场特征是华北到河套存在西南-东北走向高压带阻挡使台风停滞少动;海面转向类台风暴雨环流场特征是河套东部存在低槽与台风相互作用;陆面转向类台风暴雨环流场可以分为3类:贝湖两槽一脊型、贝湖单槽型和副热带高压阻挡型。     

Evaluation of wind fields for storm events in the black sea region using a numerical regional atmospheric circulation model

A method of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind data recalculation using a regional atmospheric circulation model is described. A comparison of model results and satellite measurements is performed. The results of wind wave computation using the reanalysis and model winds are presented and their comparison is made. It is shown that the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis wind recalculation using a regional atmospheric circulation model removes the underestimation in the reanalysis winds, provides a better representation of the wind regime, and, consequently, gives a possibility to create the reanalysis of wind regime in the Black Sea region to be used in climate estimates.     

A diagnostic study of the southern hemisphere summer circulation of the CCC general circulation model

Abstract

The medium‐scale wave regime, consisting largely of zonal wavenumbers 5–7, frequently dominates the summer Southern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation. We perform a diagnostic study of this circulation as simulated by the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) general circulation model (GCM). The analysis of Hövmöller diagrams, space‐time and zonal wavenumber spectra shows that the CCC GCM is able to simulate the observed medium‐scale wave regime.

The zonally averaged meridional eddy heat and momentum transports and the associated baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions are also examined. The distributions of the transports on the vertical plane agree well with the observations. After comparison with the observed December‐January‐February 1979 distributions, some quantitative differences remain: the heat transport is too weak aloft and too large near the surface, whereas the momentum transport tends to be too weak. The baroclinic and barotropic conversions show a maximum in the medium‐scale waves. The time evolution of the Richardson number of the mean flow suggests that the medium‐scale wave is due to a baroclinic instability.     

Response of the South Atlantic circulation to an abrupt collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

The South Atlantic response to a collapse of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is investigated in the ECHAM5/MPI-OM climate model. A reduced Agulhas leakage (about 3.1?Sv; 1?Sv?=?10⁶?m³?s^?1) is found to be associated with a weaker Southern Hemisphere (SH) supergyre and Indonesian throughflow. These changes are due to reduced wind stress curl over the SH supergyre, associated with a weaker Hadley circulation and a weaker SH subtropical jet. The northward cross-equatorial transport of thermocline and intermediate waters is much more strongly reduced than Agulhas leakage in relation with an AMOC collapse. A cross-equatorial gyre develops due to an anomalous wind stress curl over the tropics that results from the anomalous sea surface temperature gradient associated with reduced ocean heat transport. This cross-equatorial gyre completely blocks the transport of thermocline waters from the South to the North Atlantic. The waters originating from Agulhas leakage flow somewhat deeper and most of it recirculates in the South Atlantic subtropical gyre, leading to a gyre intensification. This intensification is consistent with the anomalous surface cooling over the South Atlantic. Most changes in South Atlantic circulation due to global warming, featuring a reduced AMOC, are qualitatively similar to the response to an AMOC collapse, but smaller in amplitude. However, the increased northward cross-equatorial transport of intermediate water relative to thermocline water is a strong fingerprint of an AMOC collapse.     

Winter season stratospheric circulation in the SAMIL/LASG general circulation model

In this paper, we examine the performance of the 26-level version of the SAMIL/LASG GCM (R42/L26) in simulating the seasonal cycle and perpetual winter mean stratospheric circulation as well as its variability by comparing them with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The results show that the model is capable of reproducing many key features of the climatology and seasonal variation of the stratospheric circulation despite that the model’s mean polar vortex is stronger and more zonally symmetric compared to the obse...     

Strengthening of the Walker circulation under globalwarming in an aqua-planet general circulation model simulation

Most climate models project a weakening of the Walker circulation under global warming scenarios. It is argued, based on a global averaged moisture budget, that this weakening can be attributed to a slower rate of rainfall increase compared to that of moisture increase, which leads to a decrease in ascending motion. Through an idealized aqua-planet simulation in which a zonal wavenumber-1 SST distribution is prescribed along the equator, we find that the Walker circulation is strengthened under a uniform 2-K SST warming, even though the global mean rainfall–moisture relationship remains the same. Further diagnosis shows that the ascending branch of the Walker cell is enhanced in the upper troposphere but weakened in the lower troposphere. As a result, a "double-cell" circulation change pattern with a clockwise(anti-clockwise) circulation anomaly in the upper(lower) troposphere forms, and the upper tropospheric circulation change dominates. The mechanism for the formation of the "double cell" circulation pattern is attributed to a larger(smaller) rate of increase of diabatic heating than static stability in the upper(lower) troposphere. The result indicates that the future change of the Walker circulation cannot simply be interpreted based on a global mean moisture budget argument.     

On the climatology of persistent circulation anomalies in the atmosphere and in a general circulation model

Abstract

The climatologies of upper‐air persistent circulation anomalies found in observations of the Northern Hemisphere and in a General Circulation Model (GCM) integration are compared with each other and with those found in previous studies. The model simulation is that of the Canadian Climate Centre GCM run at resolution T20. The objective criteria that define the persistent events differ from those of some earlier investigations in that the anomalies are not required to be as nearly stationary. It is found that the GCM generates persistent circulation anomalies downstream of the synoptic‐scale storm tracks, in very nearly the correct geographical locations, but that the frequency of occurrence is too low in the model. A kinetic energy and streamfunction variance analysis is presented for both dataseis to clarify the differences between the observed and simulated distributions of circulation anomalies. It is evident that, apart from the mean annual cycle, the middle‐latitude transient eddies of the model are too weak.