中国硫酸盐气溶胶及其辐射强迫的模拟

根据2000年污染源排放资料,利用中尺度气象模式和欧拉输送模式模拟了中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶的分布,估计了硫酸盐气溶胶对地面—对流层大气系统造成的直接辐射强迫,并估算了间接辐射强迫。结果表明,硫酸盐的分布集中在华中、华东和西南地区;硫酸盐的柱含量、辐射强迫都具有明显的季节变化特征,直接辐射强迫表现为冬春季强,夏秋季较弱,全年平均辐射强迫值为-0.71W·m-2;间接辐射强迫表现为夏秋季强,冬春季弱,全年平均值为-0.48W·m-2。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶柱含量变化的数值研究

结合近年来最新评估的1o×1o人为SO2排放资料,利用三维区域欧拉型硫化物输送模式,研究了90年代中期东亚地区人为硫酸盐柱含量的时空演变规律。结果表明,中国大陆,尤其是中国东部经济发达地区已经成为东亚乃至全球硫污染的主要贡献源之一。东亚地区人类活动不仅使污染地区硫酸盐含量显著增加,而且使近海无源区的海域污染加重,人为硫酸盐柱含量分布具有明显的区域分布和季节变化特征,夏季柱含量中心位置明显偏北,其中污染地区柱含量逐月变化呈双峰结构,分别出现在9月和5月,9月最大。该地区硫酸盐集中在4 km以下的大气中,浓度随高度减少。近海海域柱含量秋冬大、春夏小,反映了来自大陆的输送情况。青藏高原地区柱含量变化呈单峰结构,夏季最大,冬季最小,冬季浓度随高度减小,夏季周边污染物向高原中低空输送,300 m左右浓度最大;同时,夏季高原上空维持稳定上升气流,形成物质输送通道,各高度层硫酸盐浓度比冬季大1个量级。     

CAM30模式中黑碳及硫酸盐气溶胶浓度变化 对东亚春季气候的影响研究

本文采用CAM30 模式研究东亚地区各种气溶胶浓度增加后对于东亚春季各气候要素,尤其是对降水和春季风场的影响。在模式中通过分别对区域（20～50 °N,100～150 °E）内黑碳气溶胶浓度单独加倍、硫酸盐气溶胶浓度单独加倍、两种气溶胶浓度同时加倍的实验方法,探讨不同气溶胶浓度变化在东亚春季气候变化中的具体作用。结果表明：在春季,3种气溶胶浓度增加方式都使得东亚地区表现出降水中南部减少北部增加,低层大气西南风异常以及地面温度南部增加北部减少。通过对110～120 °E的断面分析发现,硫酸盐与黑碳气溶胶在春季首先影响约800 hPa以上大气的温度并通过不同的动力机制影响东亚地区的风场,风场的改变进而导致了云量和降水在东亚北方地区增多而中南部地区减少,并最终使得地面温度表现出东亚中南部地区增温而北方地区相对降温的特征。     

东亚地区人为硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫

利用三维区域欧拉型硫化物输送模式 ,研究了 90年代中期东亚地区人为硫酸盐柱含量的空间分布。在此基础上 ,利用一个两层多次反射模式估算了东亚地区人为硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射强迫 ,并分析了辐射强迫的地理分布和季节变化特征。结果表明 ,东亚地区年平均的人为硫酸盐直接辐射强迫约为 - 0 .7W·m-2 。直接辐射强迫空间分布具有明显的季节变化和区域特征 ,辐射强迫的这种变化特征强烈地依赖于人为硫酸盐柱含量的季节变化和区域分布。     

基于国际大气化学-气候模式比较计划模式数据评估中国沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫

目前气候模式对沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫模拟仍有很大不确定性,多模式对比有助于定量评估不确定范围。国际大气化学—气候模式比较计划（Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project,ACCMIP）旨在评估当前模式对短寿命大气成分辐射强迫和气候效应的模拟能力。基于7个ACCMIP模式模拟的中国地区沙尘气溶胶浓度,我们评估了中国区域沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫和不确定性范围。结果显示,中国区域沙尘气溶胶年排放总量为215±163 Tg a-1,区域年均地表浓度为41±27 μg m-3,柱浓度为9±4 kg m-2,光学厚度为0.09±0.05。中国区域年均沙尘气溶胶产生的大气顶短波、长波和总辐射强迫分别为-1.3±0.8 W m-2、0.7±0.4 W m-2和-0.5±0.7 W m-2;地表短波、长波和总的辐射强迫值为-1.5±1.0 W m-2、1.8±0.9 W m-2和0.2±0.2 W m-2。沙尘气溶胶长波辐射强迫对沙尘浓度的垂直分布敏感。高层沙尘气溶胶浓度越大,其在大气顶产生更强的正值长波辐射强迫。然而,沙尘气溶胶短波辐射强迫主要受整层沙尘柱浓度控制,对沙尘浓度的垂直分布较不敏感。本文结果可为中国沙尘气溶胶的气候模拟提供参考。     

东亚地区春季二氧化硫的输送与转化过程研究I.模式及其验证

结合新近评估的东亚地区污染源资料,作者利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统以探讨东亚地区春季期间气象过程、气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉降过程对二氧化硫输送及转化过程的影响,并研究二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布及变化特征.模拟的二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度值与2001年春季飞机和地面获取的观测值进行了比较.比较结果显示,模拟值与观测值具有很好的一致性,模式系统很好地反映了二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的分布特征和变化规律,再现了许多观测到的重要特征,为进一步分析模拟结果奠定了基础.     

东亚地区春季二氧化硫的输送与转化过程研究Ⅰ．模式及其验证

结合新近评估的东亚地区污染源资料，作者利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统以探讨东亚地区春季期间气象过程、气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉降过程对二氧化硫输送及转化过程的影响，并研究二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布及变化特征。模拟的二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度值与2001年春季飞机和地面获取的观测值进行了比较。比较结果显示，模拟值与观测值具有很好的一致性，模式系统很好地反映了二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的分布特征和变化规律，再现了许多观测到的重要特征，为进一步分析模拟结果奠定了基础。     

硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应在线与离线模拟方法的比较

利用区域气候模式RegCM 2与大气化学模式连接的模拟系统 ,比较了硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫的在线、离线模拟方法的硫酸盐柱含量、大气顶直接辐射强迫及地表温度响应。发现 :在线与离线模拟方法得到的硫酸盐柱含量、有无反馈大气顶直接辐射强迫和地表温度响应在许多地区有很大差异 ,这种差异在较小区域平均的尺度上更显著 ,在全区域平均尺度上也较为明显 ,是不能被忽略的 ;结果显示从硫酸盐含量到辐射强迫和地表温度响应逐渐加大的差异 ,说明硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫与模拟方法有关 ,显示出较大的不确定性。     

近10年东亚沙尘气溶胶时空分布与起尘通量的数值研究

利用一个耦合了沙尘模型的区域气候模式RegCM3和NCEP再分析资料,对近10年(2000-2009年)东亚地区沙尘气溶胶(直径≤20μm)时空分布特征和起尘通量进行了数值模拟。结果表明,(1)耦合模式能较好地模拟东亚地区沙尘气溶胶的时空分布特点。东亚地区沙尘气溶胶光学厚度、柱含量高值区主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠。沙尘气溶胶柱含量的季节变化特征明显,春季最大,冬季次之,秋季最小。东亚地区110°E以东,沙尘主要以700hPa高度为中心向东传输。(2)东亚地区起沙源区主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠、藏北沙漠化地区及蒙古国西南部,起沙强度存在明显的季节变化。2000-2009年东亚地区年平均起沙通量为1015.34mg.m-2.d-1,其中62.4%和2.3%分别通过干、湿过程重新沉降在东亚地区,其余35.3%被净释放进入大气或进行远距离传输。     

BP神经网络法在大气污染预报中的应用研究

近年来将BP网络模型应用到大气污染浓度预报中 ,并建立了大气污染物浓度的神经网络预报模型。将计算结果与监测值进行了验证 ,结果表明 :TSP的计算值与观测值之间的绝对误差为 4× 1 0 - 3～ 3× 1 0 - 2 mg·m- 3,NOX 的计算值与观测值之间的绝对误差为 5× 1 0 - 3～ 2× 1 0 - 2 mg·m- 3;且具有较好的相关性。BP模型是目前最为广泛应用的神经网络模型之一 ,它是一种简单而又非常有效的算法 ,BP神经网络法为城市空气污染预报工作提供了一种全新的思路和方法。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;