天气气候中太阳活动信号的敏感区域

太阳活动是地球气候形成的重要驱动因子,与地球气候变化有密切的联系,但研究分析发现,地球气候对太阳活动变化的响应具有较大的空间差异,地球上某些区域的天气气候对太阳活动更加敏感。主要介绍了对太阳活动变化特别敏感的三个响应区域,即极地—北大西洋区域、热带地区和季风区的天气气候变化与太阳活动变化的联系。从不同的时间尺度上总结了太阳活动对极地—北大西洋区域的影响事实和可能机制,指出了太阳活动对云微物理过程/平流层—对流层耦合的调制在其中扮演重要角色,回顾了热带地区对流活动、海表温度以及ENSO循环中明显的太阳活动信号,归纳了亚洲季风系统活动的边缘地区变率对太阳活动的响应。最后提出了未来关于天气气候中太阳活动信号的敏感区域研究中需要关注的一些科学问题。     

太阳活动影响气候的放大过程之时空选择性

太阳是形成地球气候的原始驱动力之一,但太阳活动变化对气候的影响究竟有多大,其机制和途径是什么,是否存在放大效应,一直是有争议的一个问题。结合国家重大科学研究计划"天文与地球运动因子对气候变化的影响研究"一些研究进展,综合归纳了太阳活动变化对气候系统一些关键环节的影响和作用,阐述了气候系统对太阳活动的响应具有显著的时空选择性。指出太阳活动通过季风活动通道,可能将太阳活动对极区和西太平洋热带对流区的影响放大,并最终影响全球气候。     

编辑选编

<正>太阳活动年代际变化对现代气候影响的研究进展——《地球科学进展》2013年第28卷第12期太阳活动对现代气候变化尤其在年代际尺度的影响和贡献是亟待认识的科学问题之一。肖子牛等撰文回顾了近年在年代际尺度上太阳活动影响地球气候的新观测证据,侧重阐述了太阳总辐射、紫外辐射和宇宙射线影响气候的途径和气候系统响应机制的细节,以及对其评     

国外专题择要

(译编7503)《太阳周期和气候》(Солне-чныециклыиклиматы),苏联莫斯科大学教授С.П.赫洛莫夫(Хромов)1973年在《气象与水文》第9期上所发表的一篇争论性论文,现提供参考、分析与评论。文内要点有: 1.太阳活动应看做是太阳内部一定变化的反映,是一个天体物理学因子。它对地磁层和电离层以及部分天气过程有一定影响,但若把太阳地球物理学看成是气候研究的中心和最重要的问题,把整个宏观天气和水文气象过程看作几乎严格地平行于太阳活动的世纪变化过程。把天体物理学看作是现代气候变化的起始原因,并且是整个地球气候变化和振动的最主要的原因,当然,这是毫无根据     

太阳活动变化及其对地球气候的影响值得关注

太阳活动与地球气候有密切关系,太阳活动对地球气候的影响一直为科学界所关注,过去已从各个角度进行了一系列研究,但其影响机制比较复杂,迄今为止很多问题还不是很清楚。概要总结了近年来国际上的一些研究分析结果和观点,归纳了太阳活动影响地球气候的可能机制和途径。     

太阳活动的变化与全球温度

人们早就猜想到太阳活动变化对地球气候有影响，并且许多相关分析也指出了这种联系，但在多数情况下，相关很少具有统计意义。然而，最近的结果指出地球气候的变化与太阳活动有强相关。发现对流层和平流层上部温度与太阳１０－１２年周期有同步关系，在更长时间尺度上，发现全球温度，特别是北半球陆面气温与太阳活动的长期变化有几乎理想的相关。太阳活动并不能仅用一个参数来表示。不论是１８６０－１９９０年的仪器温度记录，还是     

全球增暖的另一可能原因初探

太阳是地球流体(大气和海洋等)运动的最终能量源,地球环境,尤其是气候的变化不能不与太阳活动有关.目前,普遍将全球增暖归结为温室气体含量增加所导致的温室效应的加剧,这无疑是有一定依据和有道理的.但从科学上来讲,人类活动所引起温室气体增加的影响,并非是唯一原因.基于已有的一些研究结果,从太阳活动的观点所进行的初步分析表明,太阳活动也可能是引起近世纪全球增暖的另一个重要原因.太阳活动的影响主要包括太阳辐射的直接影响和引发地磁场变化的间接影响两个方面,地球磁场的变化将可通过动力过程和热力过程而影响大气环流和气候的变化.     

行星与气候关系研究评述

行星与气候关系的研究由来已久,迄今已在多个方面取得进展:行星长期摄动可使地球轨道参数发生变化导致冰河期和间冰期的重大差别;九星地心会聚的力矩效应可引起历史气候的百年和千年振动;行星的短期效应,通过它与月亮(或太阳)、地球成直线时的非经典引力效应而触发天气变化;还可能存在行星日心会聚对太阳活动的触发或调制作用再影响地球气候;以及行星近地效应等方面.至于"行星对应区"方法,则其统计关系是不显著的.还须看到,行星与气候关系仅是天文气象边缘领域研究的组成部分之一.     

太阳活动对近百年气候变化的影响研究进展

主要参阅了近十年来的有关文献,回顾和总结了太阳活动对近百年气候变化影响的研究进展.首先,回顾了太阳活动对全球和区域尺度的温度、季风和降水影响的最新观测证据和模拟结果;其次,从北极涛动(AO)、北大西洋涛动( NAO)、ENSO、准两年振荡(QBO)等方面总结了太阳活动对各气候模态的可能影响;然后归纳了太阳活动影响气候变...     

太阳变异性与天气气候

一、引言人类一直非常关心天气和天气的逐日变化和季节变化。近年来,我们已认识到天气的长期平均——气候也是变化的,它所发生的变化对我们地球上的生命有直接影响。历史上的天气记录与从树木年轮、冰核、深海岩芯得到的间接代用指标都无可置疑地表明,过去的气候并不总是像现在这样。现在看来,地球气候即便发生微小变化,它的潜在经济与社会影响也是深远的,特别是在那些土壤水分或气温对于农业或生存来说处于边缘状态的地方,更     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on