广西气象通信发展回顾与展望

通过广西气象通信技术发展回顾,体会了气象通信在气象部门占据基础的和关键的地位,对广西气象通信今后的发展趋势进行展望.     

GPRS／CDMA无线通信技术在气象自动站的应用

通过对我国各省市气象部门现在正大力推广布点的气象自动站数据传输通信进行分析,针对目前乡镇气象自动站使用有线本地通信所出现难以解决的问题,提出了利用基于GPRS/CDMA无线本地通信代替有线本地通信的设想,并就如何实现无线本地通信进行了详细的技术分析和实例解决方案.     

VAX4200实时气象通信系统的设计与实现

ＶＡＸ４２００实时气象通信系统的设计与实现武丽钧（气象通信台）ＶＡＸ４２００实时气象通信系统的设计与实现，是在新设备基础上对原有通情系统的一个整体技术革新。该系统的实时通信技术使ＶＡＸ４２００成为内蒙古气象局至中国气象局的重要通信枢钮，成功地获得和传...     

计算机通讯网络的防雷保护

通过对计算朵通信网络系统遭受雷击损坏的民政部进行统计调查和现场勘测,以及对其相应电路模型的理论分析和参考有关模拟试验数据,分析了计算机通信网络系统遭受雷击损害的主要原历以及可能的侵入途径。重点阐述计算机通信网络系统的防雷保护方案,主要介绍计算机通信网络接口或通信设备的防雷装置及其安装要求以及通信网络线路和地线回路的布放方式,相应的屏蔽措施等。     

北斗卫星通信在应急自动气象站中的应用

为了能够在发生灾难事故时进行紧急通信,应急自动气象站采用了北斗卫星导航定位系统的简短通信技术。在北斗卫星通信方式设计过程中,采取压缩数据包长度、主动传输+失败应答通信模式、对通信终端采取休眠工作等方式,在保证数据传输质量的同时减少不必要的通信次数,降低系统功耗,延长工作时间。研究结果表明,采用本文的通信设计,可以实现:1)将数据包长度压缩60%,满足了北斗卫星短信包的长度要求。2)兼顾解决了数据完整性问题和通信资费问题,在正常工作状态下采用自动定时传输模式节约通信资费;在通信失败的情况下采用主从应答通信模式,通过向自动气象站发出数据补收命令,及时取得丢失的数据。3)有效地降低了系统的功耗,通信终端平均功耗下降了10%。     

北斗通信气象观测站常见故障处理

介绍了北斗通信气象观测站系统结构以及该设备的电源、采集器和北斗通信组件故障检测与排除方法。通过实例将维修原理与实践结合,对常见故障进行了分析,以期提高技术保障人员对北斗通信气象观测站的维护维修能力。     

第3代国际通信系统控制数据

第3代国际气象通信系统是中国气象局面向未来,适应全球通信系统(GTS)发展计划的新一代通信系统。该系统既可以支持原有的报文交换,又可以支持文件交换。第3代国际通信系统中控制数据是国际通信系统运行的基础,这对国际通信系统中控制数据和控制数据制作也提出了更高的要求,要求控制数据制作独立于国际通信系统之外。并且,要求控制数据制作和维护简单、快捷、可靠。该文介绍了控制数据的稳定性、精确性、灵活性、复杂性等特点,控制数据对文件级、公报级、报告级收发、编辑、收集、归档等处理的作用,控制数据文件的制作方法,新旧控制数据在制作方面的优缺点比较。     

从汶川大地震谈应急气象通信技术

通过对四川汶川大地震中,气象通信和网络系统遭受的严重损害、暴露出来的问题、抗震救灾气象服务对气象通信系统的迫切需求以及采取的应急气象信息服务举措等方面的介绍,试图从技术层面对应急气象通信技术及其应用展开比较深入全面的探讨,并在结合现有应用的基础上,提出更多的技术手段,以便规划、设计和建立相对完善、能与日常应用有效衔接的应急气象通信系统.     

广西气象通信发展回顾与展望

通过广西气象通信技术发展回顾，体会了气象通信在气象部门占据基础的和关键的地位，对广西气象通信今后的发展趋势进行展望。     

市级气象局通信网络高可靠性设计与构建

通信网络的可靠性直接影响着现代气象业务的质量和效率,枣庄市气象局根据现代业务快速发展需求,对网络通信提出了高可靠性设计与构建。通过对枣庄市气象局通信网络的骨干网络拓扑结构、市县链路选型、网络设备部署、核心交换机路由选择及路由规划和网络高可靠性冗余设计的介绍,说明了通信网络在现代气象业务中的重要地位,强调了市气象局通信网络高可靠性设计与构建的必要性和紧迫性,描述了通信网络高可靠性在信息传输、视频会商、防灾减灾和气象服务等多方面发挥的基础性和重要性作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.