市至县级气象通信方式浅议

1引言本文针对辽宁省内市一县气象计算机网络的主要通信方式——无线数据传输，结合本台运行的实际情况，讨论无线传输的综合性能，并把本台进行有线数据传输的试验结果提出，供大家参考。2县级终端现状县级气象站是中国气象局制定的“国家、区域、省、地、县五级气象业务技术体系”的组成部分，是地面气象天气及气候资料的来源所在，是气象服务特别是农业气象服务的第一线。但长期以来，县站的基本业务工作仍以手工操作为主，信息传输手段落后，制作预报服务产品的资料缺乏，严重阻碍了县站业务水平的提高，也制约了气象事业结构的调整。19…     

DWSZ1型温度雨量自动站常见故障的处理

分析本地气象两要素自动站(DWSZ1型)在运行中出现故障的原因，找出相应的解决办法，以确保自动站安全运行和气象信息资料的正常传输。     

汕头气象分中心计算机网络及综合通信系统建设

1前言当代天气预报所需探测资料越来越多，即使是地市级气象台，每天的信息量也有几十兆字节。对于汕头分中心来讲，每日上行。下行的资料量更多，原有的数据传输方式──主要靠手工操作已不能适应业务发展的需要。为此建立一套以计算机联网技术为主的综合通信系统已非常迫切和必要。汕头气象分中心与分中心片区内各市台及县级站的计算机联网采用有线和无线相结合的办法，市台两种方式都建立，以计算机有线联网为主，无线联网为辅，县级台站则以无线联网为主。通过联网，实现气象信息的及时传输，形成区域中心～分中心～市台～县站多级计算…     

市至县级气象通信方式浅议

本文针对辽宁省内市一县气象计算机网络的主要通信方式——无线数据传输，结合本台运行的实际情况，讨论无线传输的综合性能，并把本台进行有线数据传输的试验结果提出，供大家参考。     

“雨（雪）情公报”自动生成系统

本系统以各级气象台（站）现象气象业务通信网络为工作平台，利用气象台（站）每日播发的观测资料常规报，建立本地所需的基本气象要素数据库，并以此为基础，读取相关气象站点的降水、积雪等气象信息，进而自动生成，打印“雨（雪）情公报”稿。     

国外地面气象观测自动化概况

(一) 从40年代以来,各国对于地面气象观测自动化的问题,进行了一系列的研究。早期集中研制无人管理的自动观测站,通过无线或有线通讯传递原始观测资料,用以填补站网的空白。50年代中期,随着电子工业的发展,出现了各种类型的自动气象观测站。这些站按输出资料的形式来说,可以分成两大类。一类采用调频制,就是把元件感应的物理量转换为频率的变化,去调制载频输出。这类站的优点是:几个气象要素的测量结果,可以在不同的频段同时传送,     

室内环境SCADA系统的实现方式

介绍了室内气象环境要素、设备动力参数、安防状态等状态参数的现场采集和部分参数的自动调节的实现方法,以及现场测控终端与远程监控中心之间的各种有线和无线数据传输方法。     

广州自动气象观测站要素统计查询系统

广州市气象自动站要素统计查询系统针对广州地区自动站和本地业务进行设计，它以简单、直观的操作使预报员在日常天气监测预报业务中能简单、快捷、灵活地浏览和监测广州各站自动站的数据，及时开展如预警信号的发布等业务。     

吉林省加密站资料下行软件介绍

1前言 吉林省加密自动站资料下行软件是将省级中心服务器的加密站数据自动FTP到各地区、县气象局，供预报员应用。随着我省第一批加密站安装结束，气象数据越来越多，为了使加密气象资料得到充分地应用，因此本人运用VB程序设计语言开发了一个吉林省加密站资料下行软件，它能快速地将加密站资料自动FTP到本地文件目录。     

室内环境SCADA系统的实现方式

介绍了室内气象环境要素、设备动力参数、安防状态等状态参数的现场采集和部分参数的自动调节的实现方法，以及现场测控终端与远程监控中心之间的各种有线和无线数据传输方法。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...