波峰型低损耗负群时延微波电路研究

本文提出了一种波峰形状的低损耗微波负群时延微带电路，该电路主要由四条相同的微带传输线，两条相同的耦合微带线以及T形连接器组成.依据等效电路拓扑结构，基于微波电路理论推导出电路的S参数模型以及负群时延公式.利用ADS仿真软件对电路结构进行优化，并进行了实物的加工与测试.测试结果表明：在中心频率1.017 GHz时，电路的最大群时延为-2.46 ns，插入损耗为-2.1 dB以及反射损耗为-13 dB.实测结果与仿真结果以及理论模型结果具有很好的一致性.     

宽带横电磁波小室设计与测试应用

本文提出了一种符合IEC标准的横电磁波（TEM）小室,用于集成电路的电磁兼容测试.该TEM小室可在0~3 GHz内实现反射系数小于-12 dB,传输系数优于-2.5 dB.本文采用三维电磁仿真软件（Computer Simulation Technology,CST）对TEM小室的阻抗、S参数、场均匀性以及被测物（EUT）对场的影响进行仿真设计,加工实测并与商业产品进行了对比.最后,参考了IEC标准制作了电磁兼容测试板,并以TEM小室对集成电路（IC）芯片的辐射发射进行测量,分析测量结果有助于改善集成电路电磁兼容性.     

基于负μ传输线的电偶极子和环天线设计

负μ传输线是一种通过串联电容加载来获得等效负磁导率的人工电磁材料,利用其零传播常数的性质,可以设计具有无限大波长且谐振频率与尺寸无关的谐振器,从而实现天线的小型化和宽带化.本文以基于分段线结构的负μ传输线为例,分别设计了具有宽带特性的电偶极子和环天线.测试结果表明长度为107 mm（1.03λ₀@2.9 GHz）的电偶极子可获得的阻抗带宽约为1.4 GHz（2.2~3.6 GHz,48%）,并且该天线在工作带宽内具有稳定的E面方向图.直径为52 mm（0.5λ₀@2.9 GHz）的环天线可获得的阻抗带宽约为1 GHz（2.4~3.4 GHz,34%）,并且环上具有均匀的电流分布,从而具有磁偶极子的辐射特性.测试和仿真结果吻合较好.     

支持近似最短距离查询的高效图加密机制

近似最短距离查询是图检索的基本模式.为了保护外包数据安全,通常对图数据进行加密.已有加密方案使用两跳覆盖模型构建加密图索引,导致索引结构复杂,降低了查询效率.本文提出了一种基于图压缩的加密机制,可以提高图的检索效率,并且支持加密图最短路径查询.该机制使用K-mediods聚类使得图中的节点按照距离分成K个簇,每个簇内的节点使用其中心节点代理,当查询2个点间最短距离时,对于相同簇内的点直接查询,对于簇间的点使用代理节点查询距离.实验结果表明该机制有效地减少了查询时间,提高了查询效率,且查询结果误差度在可接受范围内.     

具有异步控制器的离散马尔可夫跳变Lur'e系统的稳定性和l2增益性能分析

本文研究了一类具有异步控制器的离散马尔可夫Lur''e跳变系统的稳定性及l₂增益性能.通过引入隐马尔可夫模型（HHM）来描述所设计的控制器和原始系统之间出现的异步现象.利用线性矩阵不等式（LMI）方法分析了闭环系统的稳定性和l₂增益性能.然后提出了一个充分条件使得闭环系统随机稳定,并使得从扰动到系统输出的l₂增益达到最小.同时,通过求解给定条件来设计一个由线性状态反馈和扇形有界非线性输出反馈组成的异步控制器.最后,给出了一个数值仿真例子来验证所提方法的有效性.     

具有遗忘时滞的静态神经网络的H∞状态估计

本文研究了具有遗忘时滞的静态神经网络的H_∞状态估计问题.首先降低了时变时滞可微的条件,然后通过构造合适的Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函,设计保H_∞性能的状态估计器,使得误差系统实现全局渐近稳定.最后,借助Matlab中线性矩阵不等式工具箱进行数值仿真,验证了结论的有效性.     

欺骗攻击下一类神经网络的自适应事件触发H∞滤波

本文主要研究了在欺骗攻击下的离散时间神经网络的H_∞滤波器设计问题.考虑到被控系统和滤波器在一个易受外部网络攻击且带宽有限的共享通信网络上进行信息交换,本文提出了自适应事件触发机制来减轻数据传输的通信负担.此外,由于通信网络的开放性和互通互联,通过共享通信网络传输到滤波器的实际输入信息可能会被攻击者注入的虚假信息所改变.在此基础上,利用构造Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函、线性矩阵不等式等处理技术,本文给出了滤波误差系统渐近稳定的充分条件,并且设计了满足预设性能的H_∞滤波器,最后通过一个仿真实例验证了所提方法的有效性.     

应用E-ε湍流动能闭合湖泊热力学过程模型对东太湖湖-气交换的模拟

采用考虑沉水植物影响的E-ε湍流动能闭合湖泊热力学过程模型,模拟2013年8月东太湖湖-气交换过程,并利用太湖的站点观测数据对模型进行了验证。太湖水温的模拟值与观测值吻合较好,模型计算的各层水温与观测值相比,均方根误差均未超过1℃。同时模型也较好地模拟出太湖表面感热通量和潜热通量,潜热通量的模拟值与观测值的标准差为54.7 W/m²。由于湖水较浅,太湖的水温层结会明显受到天气状况的影响。晴朗小风条件下的湖水呈现显著的热分层现象,当风速为0.8 m/s,高层和底层的温差达到7.9℃。大风天气条件驱动较强的水体湍流混合,水温的热分层消失,风速为12 m/s,湖泊上层与底层的水温差仅0.12℃。此外,模拟结果较好地呈现出了东太湖沉水植物的存在通过增大湖体消光系数,减小到达湖体内部的热量,并增加对湖水的阻力,影响湖体中湍流动能的分布,并进而影响湖水温度的分布。综上所述,该模型能够较好地模拟出浅水大湖湖-气交换的过程。     

模糊多智能体系统的H∞一致跟踪控制

本文研究非线性多智能体系统在有向拓扑下的领导跟随H_∞一致性问题.首先,提出一种新的多项式模糊建模方法来描述由领导者与跟随者构建的偏差动态系统.然后,设计一致控制协议使跟随者渐近跟踪领导者的轨迹.基于多项式李雅普诺夫函数技术,提出松弛的渐近一致的充分条件并确保存在外界干扰时多智能体系统具有H_∞抑制性能.将导出的条件转化为平方和形式并能够进行数值求解.最后,给出一个实例来验证所提出的一致控制协议的有效性.     

新型高效吸水材料(γ-PGA)的农业应用研究初报

对由南京化工大学制药与生命科学学院新研制的生物聚合高效吸水材料——γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)在农业上的应用前景进行了初步研究。试验结果表明,γ-PGA两次重复的平均吸水率可达到1108.4倍,比目前市售的聚丙烯酸盐类吸水树脂高2.85倍。γ-PGA对土壤水分的吸收率为30～80倍。γ-PGA的水浸液在土壤中有较强的保水力和较理想的释放效果,具有明显的抗旱促苗效应。用不同浓度PEG(6000)试剂(聚乙二醇)模拟土壤吸水力的种子发芽试验表明,γ-PGA有较强的吸水和保水能力,可明显提高小麦和玉米的发芽率。γ-PGA的直接拌种试验和γ-PGA水浸液的鲜切花保鲜试验对提高植物种子发芽率和延长保鲜期都有显著效果。为进一步发挥γ-PGA在农业上的应用价值,需要进一步开展植物-土壤-γ-PGA的水分平衡模型研究。     

GRAPES_Meso区域模式积云计算方案引进及预报效果检验

云量在模式中的准确模拟既是一个重点问题,也是一个难点问题。经评估发现,在GRAPES_Meso（Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）模式中存在模拟云量偏少的问题,而ECMWF模式中的积云云量计算方案对云量模拟具有一定优势。鉴于此,本文借鉴ECMWF积云云量计算方案对GRAPES中尺度模式中的云量计算方案进行了适当改进,并通过影响试验模拟三维云量和地面温度来验证其改进效果。结果表明:较改进前,改进云量方案模拟的云量增多,单层云量更加准确,垂直方向云层结构改进效果明显;地面温度与观测值对比误差减小。综合分析模拟结果,认为改进云量计算方案在GRAPES模式中对云量和地面温度的模拟有较好的改进。     

A One-Dimensional Finite-Element Boundary-Layer Model with a Vertical Adaptive Grid

A one-dimensional atmospheric boundary-layer model is developed using the finite element method and a 1.5-order e-l turbulence closure scheme. A vertical adaptive strategy is implemented, based upon an heuristic error estimator that depends upon properties of the layer, such as the stratification. The model is used to simulate a moderately stratified stable boundary layer as described in the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Study, where GEWEX is the Global Water and Energy Cycle Experiment) First Intercomparison Project, and then a more complicated diurnal cycle, as used in the GABLS Second Intercomparison Project. In the stable boundary-layer experiment, it is shown that including the adaptive strategy can improve the performance of the model such that the error in the model is significantly less (greater than an order of magnitude with an effective resolution of 8 m) than that of the model without adaptivity. The model’s turbulence closure scheme and the adaptivity strategy also successfully simulate the different stability regimes present in the diurnal cycle simulation, and represented all of the expected features.     

Comparison and Analysis of Two Different Calculation Schemes of SLEVE- Hybrid Coordinate in GRAPES_MESO Model

The calculation scheme of the smoothed-level and hybrid (SLEVE-hybrid for short) coordinates in numerical forecasting model is not limited to one. It is divided into the semi-analytical scheme and the finite differential scheme in terms of the various differential methods of the coordinate deformation variables. Comparing the dynamic equation and the long-time batch simulation results of the two schemes, the present study draws the following conclusions. The first- order finite difference accuracy of the coordinate deformation variables in the finite differential scheme is theoretically lower than that in the semi-analytical scheme. The larger the vertical gradient of the layer thickness is, the larger the relative errors of the finite differential scheme are. The long-time batch simulation test in the GRAPES model dynamic core demonstrates that the bias of the temperature and the geopotential height in the semi-analytical scheme is smaller under the default layering, while the simulation difference of the two schemes is greatly reduced when the layering is more uniform.     

OH-initiated degradation of several hydrocarbons in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR

Degradation of isoprene, m-xylene, n-octane, propene, and methacrolein by hydroxyl radicals has been studied in the simulation chamber SAPHIR under burden of trace gases as they are typical for the moderately polluted planetary boundary layer. Measured time series of the hydrocarbon mixing ratios and the OH concentrations were used to determine the rate constants. The hydrocarbons were measured with gas chromatography and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. OH was measured with the Jülich DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) instrument. In all cases except methacrolein good agreement was found with the reference rate constants taken from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM3.1). The data for methacrolein are consistent with the results of Karl et al. (J. Atmos. Chem 55, 2006, doi:) who reported a 12% smaller value. The degradation of hydrocarbons provides an independent method to analyse precision and accuracy of the OH measurements. A precision of better than 4% over a period of nearly 4 months was found. The accuracy is within the limitations given by the light absorption cross section of OH. Both results are consistent with earlier results by Hausmann et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 102:16011–16022, 1997).     

Numerical study of flow and gas diffusion in the near-wake behind an isolated building

To assist validation of the experimental data of urban pollution dispersion, the effect of an isolated building on the flow and gaseous diffusion in the wake region have been investigated numerically in the neutrally stratified rough-walled turbulent boundary layer. Numerical studies were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The CFD models used for the simulation were based on the steady-state Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε turbulence models; standard κ-ε and RNG κ-ε models. Inlet conditions and boundary conditions were specified numerically to the best information available for each fluid modeling simulation. A gas pollutant was emitted from a point source within the recirculation cavity behind the building model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted results with wind tunnel experimental data. It was confirmed that simulation using the model accurately reproduces the velocity and concentration diffusion fields with a fine-mish resolution in the near wake region. Results indicated that there is a good agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both wind flow and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the understanding of mechanisms of and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban environment.     

Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Retrieved from Xinfeng C-Band Polarimetric Radar Observations

The objective of this research was to acquire a raindrop size distribution (DSDs) retrieved from C-band polarimetric radar observations scheme for the first time in south China.An observation period of the precipitation process was selected,and the shape-slope (μ-Λ) relationship of this region was statistically analyzed using the raindrop sample observations from the two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) at Xinfeng Station,Guangdong Province.Simulated data of the C-band polarimetric radar reflectivity Z_(HH)and differential reflectivity Z_(DR)were obtained through scattering simulation.The simulation data were combined with DSD fitting to determine the Z_(DR)-Λand log_(10)(Z_(HH)/N_0)-Λrelationships.Using Xinfeng C-band polarimetric radar observations Z_(DR)and Z_(HH),the raindrop Gamma size distribution parametersμ,Λ,and N_0were retrieved.A scheme for using C-band polarimetric radar to retrieve the DSDs was developed.This research revealed that during precipitation process,the DSDs obtained using the C-band polarimetric radar retrieval scheme are similar to the 2DVD observations,the precipitation characteristics of rainfall intensity (R),mass-weighted mean diameter (D_m) and intercept parameter (N_w) with time obtained by radar retrieval are basically consistent with the observational results of the 2DVD.This scheme establishes the relationship between the observations of the C-band polarimetric radar and the physical quantities of the numerical model.This method not only can test the prediction of the model data assimilation system on the convective scale and determine error sources,but also can improve the microphysical precipitation processes analysis and radar quantitative precipitation estimation.The present research will facilitate radar data assimilation in the future.     

Statistical analysis of tropical climate anomaly simulations

The statistical analysis of two atmospheric general circulation simulations using the ECHAM3 GCM in permanent January conditions are presented. The two simulations utilize different oceanic surface temperatures in the Atlantic as boundary conditions: the cold simulation has SST representing the anomalous cold conditions during the decade 1904-13 while the warm simulation has SST representative for the decade 1951-60 where anomalous warm conditions have been observed. The analysis concentrates on the simulated differences between both experiments within the tropical belt to test the working hypothesis whether changes in the deep tropical heating initiated by the anomalous SST are responsible for the anomalies in the flow and mass field. We present a method which extracts the significant and dynamically consistent signal of the total difference using a multivariate statistical test based on the amplitudes of an a-priori specified mode expansion. These expansion modes are defined from a variant of the Matsuno-Gill linearized reduced gravity model for the tropical atmosphere. The application of the method shows a clear and well defined tropical signal in the flow and mass field which can be understood as the reponse of the ECHAM3 model to a deep heating anomaly not in the vicinity of the anomalous SST but on the neighboring continents especially South America and with opposite sign in remote areas between Indonesia and the dateline. The signal can be summarized as an enhancement of the GCM's tropical East-West circulation with the ascending branch over South America in the warm simulation compared to the cold run.     

中尺度模式不同分辨率下大气多尺度特征模拟能力分析

本文利用不同水平分辨率下的中尺度大气数值模式ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System) 模拟我国内蒙古奈曼旗农牧交错带2001年7月23日18时至27日18时天气演变过程, 以研究中尺度模式水平分辨率提高对多种时空尺度天气过程, 尤其是更小时空尺度过程的模拟改进。为此, 本文提取不同分辨率下u、v、w、θ、p气象要素的模拟结果进行分析。秩和检验和方差分析表明, 模式分辨率提高对气象五要素的模拟具有一定的影响, 但对不同要素的影响程度有所不同, 其中, 对p、θ、w影响最大, 对u、v的影响次之, 对流层下部和边界层对分辨率最为敏感, 对流层中上部次之。谱分析和小波分析都表明分辨率的提高有利于再现大气运动的多尺度特征, 但在不同大气分层和不同模式变量中又有所不同。总的来说, 高层效果好于低层, 具有强周期变化规律的变量效果好于周期性弱的变量。     

Comparison and Analysis of Two Different Calculation Schemes of SLEVE-Hybrid Coordinate in the GRAPES＿MESO Model

The calculation scheme of the smoothed-level and hybrid(SLEVE-hybrid for short) coordinates in numerical forecasting model is not limited in number. It is divided into the semi-analytical scheme and the finite differential scheme in terms of the various differential methods of the coordinate deformation variables. Having compared the dynamic equation and the long-time batch simulation results of the two schemes, the present study draws the following conclusions. The first-order finite difference accuracy of the coordinate deformation variables in the finite differential scheme is theoretically lower than that in the semi-analytical scheme. The larger the vertical gradient of the layer thickness is, the larger the relative errors of the finite differential scheme are. The long-time batch simulation test in the GRAPES model dynamic core demonstrates that the bias of the temperature and the geopotential height in the semianalytical scheme is smaller under the default layering, while the simulation difference of the two schemes is greatly reduced when the layering is more uniform.