北京层状云人工增雨数值模拟试验和机理研究

在中尺度WRF 模式的Morrison 双参数方案中引入了AgI 粒子与云相互作用的过程,在WRF 模式中实现了催化功能。利用加入了催化方案的中尺度模式对2008 年3 月20～21 日环北京地区一次层状云系降水过程进行模拟和催化试验。模拟自然降水与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度和时刻进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明:以20 g 的碘化银进行催化作业,在催化后的前30min 之内,地面雨量轻微减小,最大累积减雨量为2010 t,30 min 后,净增雨量迅速增加,最大累积增雨量达到了3.4×105 t。催化开始阶段的减雨主要是由于播撒AgI 后,云水减少而雪晶增多,导致雨滴碰并云滴,云滴向雨滴自动转化过程的减少以及雪晶碰并雨滴过程的增多,然而空中增多的雪晶尚未下落到暖区融化成雨滴。而第二阶段的增雨则是空中增多的雪晶逐渐下落到暖区,雪晶融化成雨滴过程增多。AgI 的播撒率对降水量有明显影响,过量催化会使雪晶平均质量减少,下落速度锐减,从而雪融化成雨水减少,导致雨量减弱,不同催化高度和催化时间的催化结果表明在过冷水含量比较丰富而冰雪晶含量偏少的区域进行催化,增雨效果显著。     

基于飞机真实轨迹的一次层状云催化的增雨效果及其作用机制的模拟研究

层状云降水效率通常较低,但却具有较高的云水资源开发潜力,是人工增雨作业的重要对象。随着中国南方地区生态改善、水库增蓄、抗旱等社会需求的增加,针对这些地区降水云系的人工增雨研究显得愈发重要。使用三维中尺度冷云催化模式,对2018年10月21日湖北省一次层状云飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果与卫星、降水和机载云物理观测数据进行了对比。模式合理地模拟出了云和降水的主要宏、微观特征,观测和模拟结果均显示作业云区具有较好的冷云催化条件,在此基础上,按照实际作业中的飞机播撒轨迹,完整地模拟了此次催化作业过程。对数值模拟结果的分析表明:凝结冻结核化和凝华核化是碘化银催化剂的主要核化方式;90%以上碘化银粒子的局地活化比为0.01%—2%,平均活化比为0.07%—0.27%;云系降水是由冷云降水和暖云降水两种机制共同作用的结果,催化作业使两种降水机制均有增强,增雨效果明显;催化后4 h,整个评估区内的累计净增雨量为2.12×108 kg,局地增雨率为?51.1%—306.7%,区域平均增雨率为8.1%;催化作业也使部分地区出现减雨,主要是由于催化过程中的潜热释放引起过冷层动力场扰动,一部分云区的上升气流减弱,从而导致降水粒子的成长减弱,地面出现减雨;在过冷云区,碘化银核化使冰晶浓度升高,导致冰晶-雪、雪-霰的转化过程增强,雪、霰粒子总量增加,更多的雪、霰粒子从冷区落入暖区,在暖区上层产生更多的大雨滴,从而使暖区的云雨粒子碰并过程增强,最终地面降水增加,这是此次催化作业导致增雨的主要微物理链条。      

一次浙江对流云催化数值模拟试验

为了研究吸湿性催化剂、碘化银催化剂及两者的联合催化效果,利用双参数三维对流云催化模式,对浙江南部一次对流云降雨过程分别进行盐粉暖云催化、碘化银冷云催化和冷暖混合催化试验,对比研究不同催化方案对对流云降雨的可能影响。结果表明:盐粉催化导致先增雨后减雨,主要通过盐溶滴与云滴碰并增长,及雨滴碰并和霰粒子碰冻过程消耗。在上升气流区和降雨前期进行催化的增雨效果更好,30 μm粒径的盐粉催化剂量为12.5/L时,可增加降雨量17.8%。在降雨过程的不同发展阶段进行AgI催化,表现出先减雨后增雨的催化效果。盐粉和碘化银的联合催化,由于两者催化效果的不同步,使得不同吸湿性催化剂和碘化银催化剂量配置会导致不同的催化效果。当30 μm的盐粉,催化剂量12.5/L,联合碘化银100/L的冷区催化,可取得19%的增雨效果。     

一次飞机冷云增雨作业效果检验

最近60多年,全球范围内广泛开展了人工增雨作业,但人工增雨效果检验一直是个难题。传统上,利用雨量计和目标/对比区统计数据评估人工增雨效果,结果大多不确定。对一次人工增雨作业而言,从科学上给出令人信服的效果检验更是没有好的解决方案。2017年3月19日,陕西省实施业务飞机冷云增雨作业播撒含有750 g碘化银（AgI）的催化剂,播撒线长125 km。作业后卫星、雷达观测到一条与播云线对应的清晰的云迹线,地面雨滴谱仪观测到相应的雨强、雨滴数浓度、雨滴直径增大,表明播云使云体产生了增雨响应。针对这次增雨过程,从连片雷达回波中分离增雨作用造成的回波增强带（增雨影响回波）和确定了自然降水回波强度,建立增雨影响回波强度（Z）与地面雨强（I）的拟合关系（Z-I关系）,定量研究人工增雨的时、空演变。结果表明:（1）增雨影响时间约4 h,增雨影响回波区域（增雨影响区）面积为5448 km2。该区累计降雨总量和增雨总量分别为1.518×106 m3和8.04×105 m3,增雨影响区内增雨率达53%。（2）总降雨量、增雨量、自然降雨量随时间先增后减,总降雨量与增雨量的峰值同步,两者峰值都早于自然降雨峰值;催化后146 min （04时47分,世界时,下同）,每6 min增雨量达到最大,为4.9×104 m3;催化后174 min （05时15分）,增雨雷达回波面积达到最大（1711 km2）,面积峰值滞后增雨量峰值出现。（3）增雨影响区位于播撒线下游,呈条带状;区域内总降雨量空间分布为中间大边缘小,与增雨量空间分布一致。（4）此次增雨作业改变了降雨时、空分布,促进降雨形成,增加了地面降雨量。      

暖底对流云催化的微物理和动力效应的数值模拟

为加深理解暖云底对流云降水形成的微物理机制,调查对这类对流云实施碘化银催化所能产生的微物理和动力效应,本文使用三维对流云模式(包含6种水成物:云滴、雨滴、冰晶、雪花、霰和冰雹),对2004年7月8日发生在我国江淮地区的一例对流云进行模拟,并开展碘化银催化试验。结果表明:(1)模式能够较好地模拟出实测风暴的回波结构。(2)云雨自动转化和霰粒子融化是两个最重要的成雨机制,产生的雨滴占雨滴总数量(质量)的67%(19%)和18%(57%)。(3)对流发展初期在主上升气流区进行的催化试验表明,对本例对流云播撒碘化银能够同时获得增雨和减雹的正效果。(4)催化增加的霰粒子通过竞争机制抑制了前期冰雹的形成,但增强了向雨滴的转化(通过融化机制);催化也促进了二次对流的发展,增加了入云的水汽通量和云水含量,加强了后期的云雨自动转化及碰并增长,导致后期的雨和冰雹增加,并使地面降水分布发生变化。这些结果表明,对暖底对流云进行碘化银催化能够产生微物理和动力效应。     

黄河上游河曲地区对流云催化增雨的数值模拟研究

应用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维对流云模式,对青藏高原河曲地区强对流云的催化增雨效果及催化云的动力特征、微物理机制进行了模拟研究.模拟结果显示:黄河上游河曲地区的对流云具备一定的催化潜力.如果催化时机、部位选择适当,降水总量增加有望达到30%～50%,催化所产生的动力效果比较显著.催化剂的加入使得云中凝华潜热释放量增加,上升气流加强,云顶升高,云水平尺度也有所加大,地面降水区域扩大,降水时间延长.由于云中冰晶大量生成,导致过冷云水、雨水减少,暖雨过程迅速减弱,云中霰和冻滴量增多,其融化过程加强引起的降水增加远远超过了暖雨量的减少,总的增雨效果比较显著.敏感性实验表明,催化高度对增雨效果的影响最为显著,高于某一催化高度,有可能产生增雨防雹的好效果;低于某一催化高度,则会在防雹的同时使地面降水减少.对流云早期催化的增雨效果较好.一定范围内催化剂量的变化对增雨量影响不大,小剂量催化也有可能达到较好的增雨效果.     

三维对流云盐粉催化模式的发展和催化模拟试验

在三维混合相对流云模式中发展了盐粉催化方案,该方案考虑了盐粒与云雨滴和冰相粒子间的相互作用,模式中增加了盐溶滴的质量Qn和浓度Nn两个预报量.利用盐粉催化模式进行了个例模拟试验,并对催化结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,当采用30个·L-1剂量的盐粉两次催化时,催化效果较好,地面总降水量可增加10％;当催化剂量减少时,增雨效果不明显.同时催化剂量超过1 000个·L-1,可导致降水总量减少.催化时间提前或延后都会影响增雨效果.模拟第70 min后出现了少量的减雨,并持续到降水结束.通过分析催化后云中水成物,发现盐粉催化不仅影响了暖雨过程,而且云雨滴通过冻结形成霰等过程也影响了冷雨过程.     

层状云催化宏微观物理响应的数值模拟研究

层状云系是进行人工增雨开发利用空中云水资源的重要对象,增雨作业需要有科学可行的技术指标来指导实际作业的科学实施,而合理准确评估人工增雨作业的效果也是需要解决的重要课题,通过数值模式合理地仿真模拟实际催化作业的过程,进而研究增雨作业后云和降水的一系列宏微观特征的变化及其机理,是建立和改进催化作业技术的必要途径,也是评估实际人工增雨作业效果的有效手段。本文使用三维中尺度冷云催化模式对2014年4月15日河北省一次层状云降水的飞机催化作业过程进行了仿真模拟,力图对实际作业过程进行合理再现,通过对模拟结果的分析,研究飞机播撒的AgI（Silver iodide）催化剂在空中的扩散传输特征,分析催化对云和降水宏微观特性的影响,并对此次飞机催化作业的增雨效果进行评估。研究结果表明,播撒的AgI催化剂烟羽扩展的水平尺度可达数十公里以上,垂直方向上,大部分AgI粒子则主要集中在作业层上下约1 km的厚度范围内,AgI粒子的向上输送明显强于向下的输送;催化后云中的冰晶和雪粒子明显增加,导致催化模拟前期的霰增长受到抑制,之后随着霰碰并雪过程及零度层附近冰相粒子淞附过程的增强,云中霰的总量逐渐增加;催化作业后,催化云的雷达回波强度有明显增强,且随时间变化表现出不同的结构特征;催化导致地面降水出现先减少后增加的时间变化特征,催化后3小时,作业影响区向作业区下游扩展100 km以上,总体呈现减雨—增雨的区域分布特征;数值模拟评估表明,整个评估区内的净增雨量达到3.6×107 kg,平均增雨率为1.1%,暖层霰粒浓度和尺度的增加是降水增加的主要原因。由于作业目标云系的催化条件一般,而播撒的AgI剂量偏大,造成增雨作业效果偏低。     

碘化银冷云催化剂的改进设想

碘化银是一种应用比较广泛的人工影响天气冷云催化剂，广泛地应用于人工增雨和人工防雹，但是通过实际作业和室内实验我们发现常用的碘化银催化剂还存在一些不足之处，主要表现在成核率和成核阐温方面，本文旨在根据常用碘化银在催化应用中的不足，利用当前较流行的纳米技术和纳米材料的生产工艺，通过理论分析和初步的实验结果，阐述碘化银冷云催化剂的改进方案。     

华南冷锋云系的人工引晶催化数值试验

在对华南2004年3月31日~4月1日的冷锋降水天气过程进行正确模拟的基础上, 通过向云中引入人工冰晶研究了催化效应, 结果表明: 催化使地面雨量在催化后30 min开始增加, 80 min时达到峰值, 120 min时减小到最小值。被催化的云团随着自然雨带逐渐向东南方向移动, 并且催化云影响其周围的云团, 造成了催化的下风方域外效应, 使催化效果可以延长到催化后10个小时, 随着自然云的消散而结束。人工冰晶的引入, 使得大量过冷雨滴快速转变为霰粒, 霰粒通过淞附云水和碰并雨滴过程增长, 使降水提前发展, 之后霰粒的融化使地面雨量增加。大量冻结潜热的释放, 使云中温度增加, 上升速度增强, 说明 “静力催化作用” 和 “动力催化作用” 是相互关联不可割裂的。在云体发展早期冷云降水过程还没有启动之前引入人工冰晶的催化效果优于云体发展接近成熟时的催化效果, 而只由催化剂量的不同造成的增雨差异较小。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on