两个集合预报系统对秦岭及周边降水预报性能对比

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF)、美国大气环境预报中心 (NCEP) 集合预报系统 (EPS) 降水量预报资料,CMORPH (NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method) 卫星与全国3万个自动气象站降水量融合资料,基于技巧评分、ROC (relative operating characteristic) 分析等方法,对比两个集合预报系统对秦岭及周边地区的降水预报性能。结果表明:两个系统均能较好表现降水量的空间形态,对于不同量级降水,ECMWF集合预报系统0~240 h控制及扰动预报优于NCEP集合预报系统,但NCEP集合预报系统264~360 h预报时效整体表现更好; ECMWF集合预报系统0~120 h大雨集合平均优于NCEP集合预报系统,两个系统集合平均的预报技巧整体低于其控制及扰动成员预报,这种现象ECMWF集合预报系统表现更为显著; ECMWF集合预报系统降水预报概率优于NCEP集合预报系统。ROC分析显示,随着预报概率的增大,ECMWF集合预报系统在命中率略微下降的情况下,显著减小了空报率,NCEP集合预报系统则表现出高空报、高命中率。     

辽宁省春季透雨集合预报误差分析

利用2016—2018年4月1日至6月30日三个全球数值预报业务中心（CMA、ECMWF和NCEP）的24 h降水集合预报资料和辽宁省降水观测资料,采用TS评分、预报偏差B、Talagrand分布以及BS评分等方法对辽宁省春季透雨（4—6月）CMA、ECMWF和NCEP三套全球集合预报结果进行对比分析。结果表明：三个集合预报中心的集合预报系统的离散度均具有偏小的特征,Talagrand都呈U型分布,即各集合预报系统对量级较小的降水预报值偏大,空报率高;对量级较大的降水预报能力不足,极值偏小,容易产生降水预报偏差。将各中心的确定性检验结果和概率性检验结果进行对比后发现,ECMWF相比CMA和NCEP的TS评分值更高,预报偏差B值更接近于1,也就是说另外两个预报中心对辽宁省春季透雨预报漏报更为明显。从BS评分值和其分解评分值结果来看,ECMWF优于另外两个预报中心。ECMWF对辽宁省春季透雨预报的结果与实况最为接近,检验结果最好,可在日后的预报服务工作中作为主要参考。     

面向台风暴雨的集合预报成员优选订正技术研究及应用试验

本文以2013—2015年主要登陆台风暴雨过程为研究对象,利用ECMWF降水和台风路径集合预报以及中央气象台实时业务台风中心定位资料,在统计分析的基础上,提出一种业务上可用的针对单模式集合预报的台风降水实时订正技术(简称集合成员优选技术)。结果表明,在登陆台风暴雨过程预报中,集合成员优选技术对改进集合统计量降水产品有明显的帮助,并较ECMWF确定性预报产品有一定优势;该方法对改进短期时效预报产品的效果优于中期时效预报,对大暴雨评分的改进高于暴雨和大雨评分。另外,本文基于概率匹配平均(Probability Matching average,PM)和融合(FUSE)产品的计算原理,提出融合匹配平均(Fuse Matching average,FM)产品,结果表明,对36 h时效预报,优选10~15个成员的PM产品TS(Threat Scores)评分可达最优,大暴雨评分较确定性预报提高近10%;对60和84 h时效预报,FM产品大暴雨评分较确定性预报提高超过20%。     

A CRPS-Based Spatial Technique for the Verification of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts

Traditional precipitation skill scores are affected by the well-known“double penalty”problem caused by the slight spatial or temporal mismatches between forecasts and observations. The fuzzy (neighborhood) method has been proposed for deterministic simulations and shown some ability to solve this problem. The increasing resolution of ensemble forecasts of precipitation means that they now have similar problems as deterministic forecasts. We developed an ensemble precipitation verification skill score, i.e., the Spatial Continuous Ranked Probability Score (SCRPS), and used it to extend spatial verification from deterministic into ensemble forecasts. The SCRPS is a spatial technique based on the Continuous Ranked Probability Score (CRPS) and the fuzzy method. A fast binomial random variation generator was used to obtain random indexes based on the climatological mean observed frequency, which were then used in the reference score to calculate the skill score of the SCRPS. The verification results obtained using daily forecast products from the ECMWF ensemble forecasts and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the OPERA datasets during June-August 2018 shows that the spatial score is not affected by the number of ensemble forecast members and that a consistent assessment can be obtained. The score can reflect the performance of ensemble forecasts in modeling precipitation and thus can be widely used.     

基于三大全球集合预报系统对内蒙古降水预报能力评估

利用ECMWF、NCEP和CMC中心的1~3天7种降水集合预报产品,同时结合内蒙古119个气象站同期降水观测资料,对降水预报效果基于晴雨、降水等级划分(包括小雨、中雨、大雨以及暴雨)确定性TS评分以及空间分布特点进行了归纳总结,评估了三大全球集合预报系统在内蒙古地区的降水预报能力,为进一步开发模式预报及应用提供技术支撑。研究结果表明,ECMWF集合预报产品对内蒙古降水预报能力明显优于NEPC和CMC中心的产品。ECMWF集合预报产品24h时效下的晴雨及小雨、中雨、大雨以及暴雨预报都具有良好的预报能力,但是随着预报时效的延长至48h、72h,ECMWF集合预报产品预报能力明显降低,预报能力与NCEP和CMC中心的产品接近。24h的ECMWF集合预报产品在呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟、锡林郭勒盟、巴彦淖尔市西部、阿拉善盟地区预报效果明显较好,三大集合预报系统对内蒙古东部地区的预报能力总体偏高。      

Evaluation of a Regional Ensemble Data Assimilation System for Typhoon Prediction

An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) combined with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is cycled and evaluated for western North Pacific (WNP) typhoons of year 2016. Conventional in situ data, radiance observations, and tropical cyclone (TC) minimum sea level pressure (SLP) are assimilated every 6 h using an 80-member ensemble. For all TC categories, the 6-h ensemble priors from the WRF/EnKF system have an appropriate amount of variance for TC tracks but have insufficient variance for TC intensity. The 6-h ensemble priors from the WRF/EnKF system tend to overestimate the intensity for weak storms but underestimate the intensity for strong storms. The 5-d deterministic forecasts launched from the ensemble mean analyses of WRF/EnKF are compared to the NCEP and ECMWF operational control forecasts. Results show that the WRF/EnKF forecasts generally have larger track errors than the NCEP and ECMWF forecasts for all TC categories because the regional simulation cannot represent the large-scale environment better than the global simulation. The WRF/EnKF forecasts produce smaller intensity errors and biases than the NCEP and ECMWF forecasts for typhoons, but the opposite is true for tropical storms and severe tropical storms. The 5-d ensemble forecasts from the WRF/EnKF system for seven typhoon cases show appropriate variance for TC track and intensity with short forecast lead times but have insufficient spread with long forecast lead times. The WRF/EnKF system provides better ensemble forecasts and higher predictability for TC intensity than the NCEP and ECMWF ensemble forecasts.     

中国夏季降水多模式集成概率预报研究

基于TIGGE资料中的中国气象局（CMA）、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）、日本气象厅（JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）以及英国气象局（UKMO）五个中心2007-2011年5月25日-8月31日中国地区逐日12-36 h、36-60 h、60-84 h、84-108 h、108-132 h与132-156 h累积降水集合预报资料,分别利用PoorMan （POOL）和多模式消除偏差（MBRE）两种方法对2011年各中心降水概率预报进行集成,并采用RPS和BS评分方法对预报效果进行评估。结果表明,对于12-156 h逐24 h累积降水量概率预报,多模式集成预报效果优于单模式预报效果,且多模式消除偏差概率预报效果最好;针对小雨、中雨以及大雨以上降水,PoorMan和MBRE概率预报较单中心预报效果均有提高,MBRE概率预报效果优于PoorMan方法。     

An assessment of the predictability of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet based on TIGGE data

The predictability of the position, spatial coverage and intensity of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) in the summers of 2010 to 2012 was examined for ensemble prediction systems(EPSs) from four representative TIGGE centers,including the ECMWF, the NCEP, the CMA, and the JMA. Results showed that each EPS predicted all EASWJ properties well, while the levels of skill of all EPSs declined as the lead time extended. Overall, improvements from the control to the ensemble mean forecasts for predicting the EASWJ were apparent. For the deterministic forecasts of all EPSs, the prediction of the average axis was better than the prediction of the spatial coverage and intensity of the EASWJ. ECMWF performed best, with a lead of approximately 0.5–1 day in predictability over the second-best EPS for all EASWJ properties throughout the forecast range. For probabilistic forecasts, differences in skills among the different EPSs were more evident in the earlier part of the forecast for the EASWJ axis and spatial coverage, while they departed obviously throughout the forecast range for the intensity. ECMWF led JMA by about 0.5–1 day for the EASWJ axis, and by about 1–2 days for the spatial coverage and intensity at almost all lead times. The largest lead of ECMWF over the relatively worse EPSs, such as NCEP and CMA, was approximately 3–4 days for all EASWJ properties. In summary, ECMWF showed the highest level of skill for predicting the EASWJ, followed by JMA.     

邻域空间检验技术在集合降水预报检验中的应用

常规降水检验受空间及时间微小差异所带来的"双重惩罚"影响严重,邻域空间检验FSS(Fraction Skill Score)方法在确定性预报中已体现出弥补这一不足的明显优势。随着集合预报分辨率的不断提高,集合降水预报同样存在与确定性预报相似的问题。本研究将FSS方法拓展至集合预报领域,构建适用于集合预报的降水空间检验指标EFSS(Ensemble Fraction Skill Score),利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)集合预报模式2018年夏季降水预报产品及国家气象信息中心提供的格点化降水融合产品进行分析,发现EFSS评分不受集合成员数影响,可获取一致性的评估结论。通过与适用于集合预报的常规技巧评分EETS(Ensemble Equitable Threat Score)对比分析发现,常规技巧评分受限于评分过低而无法有效反映强降水过程间差异性特征,EFSS方法则可有效提升强降水预报检验辨识度。     

Skill Assessment of Copernicus Climate Change Service Seasonal Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts over Iran

Medium to long-term precipitation forecasting plays a pivotal role in water resource management and development of warning systems.Recently,the Copernicus Climate Change Service(C3S)database has been releasing monthly forecasts for lead times of up to three months for public use.This study evaluated the ensemble forecasts of three C3S models over the period 1993-2017 in Iran’s eight classified precipitation clusters for one-to three-month lead times.Probabilistic and non-probabilistic criteria were used for evaluation.Furthermore,the skill of selected models was analyzed in dry and wet periods in different precipitation clusters.The results indicated that the models performed best in western precipitation clusters,while in the northern humid cluster the models had negative skill scores.All models were better at forecasting upper-tercile events in dry seasons and lower-tercile events in wet seasons.Moreover,with increasing lead time,the forecast skill of the models worsened.In terms of forecasting in dry and wet years,the forecasts of the models were generally close to observations,albeit they underestimated several severe dry periods and overestimated a few wet periods.Moreover,the multi-model forecasts generated via multivariate regression of the forecasts of the three models yielded better results compared with those of individual models.In general,the ECMWF and UKMO models were found to be appropriate for one-month-ahead precipitation forecasting in most clusters of Iran.For the clusters considered in Iran and for the long-range system versions considered,the Météo France model had lower skill than the other models.     

东亚地区冬季地面气温延伸期概率预报研究

利用TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、NCEP、UKMO三个中心集合预报系统以及由此构成的多中心集合预报系统所提供的地面2 m气温10~15 d延伸期集合预报产品,建立贝叶斯模式平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)概率预报模型,对东亚地区冬季地面气温进行延伸期概率预报研究。采用距平相关系数、均方根误差、布莱尔评分、等级概率评分等指标分别对BMA确定性结果与概率预报进行评估。结果表明,BMA方法明显地改进了原始集合预报结果,预报技巧优于原始集合预报,且多中心BMA预报优于单中心BMA预报,最佳滑动训练期取35 d。BMA预报为气温的延伸期概率预报提供了更合理的概率分布,定量描述了预报的不确定性。     

北半球中纬度地区地面气温的超级集合预报

基于TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、JMA、NCEP和UKMO四个中心2007年6月1日-8月31日北半球中纬度地区地面气温24～168 h集合预报资料,分别利用固定训练期超级集合(SUP, Superensemble)和滑动训练期超级集合(R-SUP, Running Training Period Superensemble )对2007年8月8-31日预报期24 d进行超级集合预报试验.采用均方根误差对预报结果进行检验评估,比较了两种超级集合方法与最好的单个中心模式预报、多模式集合平均的预报效果.结果表明,SUP预报有效降低了预报误差,24～144 h的预报效果优于多模式集合平均(EMN, Ensemble Mean)和最好的单个中心预报,168 h的预报效果略差于EMN.R-SUP预报进一步改善了预报效果.对于24～168 h的预报,R-SUP预报效果都要优于EMN.尤其对于168 h的预报,R-SUP改进了预报效果,优于EMN.     

基于ECMWF集合预报产品的降水相态客观预报方法

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统的降水相态产品（precipitation type,PTYPE）,分别以HSS评分最优、TS评分最优和频率偏差最优为标准,运用最优概率阈值法,生成雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨4类降水相态的确定性预报产品,并与ECMWF集合预报系统控制成员及细网格模式确定性预报进行对比。最优概率阈值显示:3种最优标准下,不同相态降水最优概率阈值不同,但冻雨和降雪最优概率阈值均最大,为40%~80%,雨夹雪最优概率阈值最小,约为10%,三者最优概率阈值均随预报时效延长而减小;降雨最优概率阈值为7%~25%,随预报时效延长而增大。对比检验结果显示:最优概率阈值法明显提高了降水相态预报能力,且以HSS评分最优时预报效果最佳;最优概率阈值法有效减小冻雨空报,同时显著改善降雨和降雪预报的频率偏差和TS评分,对雨夹雪预报改进效果有限。     

MULTIMODEL CONSENSUS FORECASTING OF LOW TEMPERATURE AND ICY WEATHER OVER CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CHINA IN EARLY 2008

Based on the daily mean temperature and 24-h accumulated total precipitation over central and southern China, the features and the possible causes of the extreme weather events with low temperature and icing conditions,which occurred in the southern part of China during early 2008, are investigated in this study. In addition, multimodel consensus forecasting experiments are conducted by using the ensemble forecasts of ECMWF, JMA, NCEP and CMA taken from the TIGGE archives. Results show that more than a third of the stations in the southern part of China were covered by the extremely abundant precipitation with a 50-a return period, and extremely low temperature with a 50-a return period occurred in the Guizhou and western Hunan province as well. For the 24- to 216-h surface temperature forecasts, the bias-removed multimodel ensemble mean with running training period(R-BREM) has the highest forecast skill of all individual models and multimodel consensus techniques. Taking the RMSEs of the ECMWF 96-h forecasts as the criterion, the forecast time of the surface temperature may be prolonged to 192 h over the southeastern coast of China by using the R-BREM technique. For the sprinkle forecasts over central and southern China, the R-BREM technique has the best performance in terms of threat scores(TS) for the 24- to 192-h forecasts except for the 72-h forecasts among all individual models and multimodel consensus techniques. For the moderate rain, the forecast skill of the R-BREM technique is superior to those of individual models and multimodel ensemble mean.     

基于深度学习的中国地面气温的多模式集成预报研究

基于TIGGE资料中的欧洲中期天气预报中心、英国气象局、美国国家环境预报中心、韩国气象厅和日本气象厅2015年1月1日—9月30日中国及周边地区地面2 m气温24～168 h集合预报资料,利用长短期记忆神经网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)、浅层神经网络(Neural Networks,NN)、滑动训练期消除偏差集合平均(BREM)和滑动训练期多模式超级集合(SUP)方法对2015年9月5—30日26 d预报期进行集成预报试验。结果表明,BREM对5个单模式进行等权集成,预报结果易受预报效果较差模式的影响,整体预报技巧略低于单个最优模式ECMWF的预报技巧。其中在新疆南部,等权集成后的预报技巧更低。SUP的预报结果比所有单个模式预报更为准确。在144 h之前,SUP的误差明显小于ECMWF的预报误差,但随预报时效增加,误差增长幅度增大。NN对地面气温的预报效果与SUP的预报效果相当。LSTM整体预报效果最好,特别是在预报时效较长(超过72 h)时,比其他方法预报准确率明显提高。LSTM神经网络方法明显改进了我国西北、华北、东北、西南和华南大部分地区的气温预报,但在南疆部分地区误差较大。     

西北太平洋台风在S2S时间尺度预报效果评估

使用世界气象组织季节内至季节尺度（Subseasonal to Seasonal, S2S）预测项目数据库评估了多个集合预报系统在S2S时间尺度对台风的预报能力。评估的时间段为1999—2010年期间每年5月1日—10月31日。为评估S2S时间尺度台风的预报技巧,使用了台风密集度来描述台风的生成及移动状况。台风密集度定义为一段时间内500 km范围内台风出现的概率。台风密集度由6个S2S集合预报系统后报结果计算得出,它们分别由BoM、CMA、ECMWF、JMA、CNRM和NCEP开发使用。这6个预报系统台风密集度的预报技巧评分表明,当预报时效为11~30天时,ECMWF预报系统的评分为正值,比基于气候状态的参考预报能略好地预报台风。      

基于TIGGE资料的沂沭河流域6小时降水集合预报能力分析

全球多模式集合预报(TIGGE)资料为发展局地水文风险预报方法提供了新基础。对不同预报系统的集合预报资料进行评价与对比,可为综合应用多源资料实现超集合预报提供参考。本文以沂沭河流域内10个站点观测降水作为参照,对2007～2010年7、8、9月中BABJ(北京)、ECMF(欧洲)、EGRR(英国)、RJTD(日本)和KWBC(美国NCEP)五种预报模式的6h集合预报降水做了相关系数、均方根误差、Nash效率系数、TS评分(风险评分)和Brier评分等定量评估和对比。对于各模式集合平均预报,EGRR表现最好,4日预见期内的相关系数达0.48,Nash系数为0.21,BABJ最差,其他三模式预报能力相当。对于确定的控制性预报,4日预见期内RJTD表现最优,相关系数为0.19,Nash系数为0.13,其次为BABJ和EGRR。各模式集合平均与控制性预报相比,预报能力都占绝对优势,而多模式集合平均其预报能力又强于任何单模式集合平均。在4日预见期内,多模式平均的相关系数达0.49,Nash系数达0.24。在不同百分位阈值下TS评分和Brier评分也表明了类似的各模式评比结果,但多模式平均虽然在较低阈值下评分较优,但不占据绝对优势。各中心资料均具有一个随预见时长增加的稳定衰减期,其中EGRR衰减期最长(达9天)且最为稳定,而其他资料则存在不同稳定程度的衰减,稳定衰减期都能持续4天以上。各中心资料对较大降水的预报还存在各自不同的系统性偏差。     

B08RDP区域集合预报温度场质量评估与综合偏差订正

针对B08RDP(The Beijing 2008 Olympics Research and Development Project)5套区域集合预报资料,系统分析了各套集合预报温度场的预报质量。在此基础上运用集合预报的综合偏差订正方法对温度场进行偏差订正,并对其效果进行了分析讨论。结果显示:5套B08RDP区域集合预报中,美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)区域集合预报温度场的整体预报质量最高,平均预报误差最小,离散度也最为合理,预报可信度和可辨识度均较优;而中国气象科学研究院(CAMS)的温度预报误差过大,预报质量最差。整体上看,除NCEP之外的4套集合预报的温度场均存在集合离散度偏小的问题;综合偏差订正能有效减小各集合预报温度场的集合平均均方根误差,改善集合离散度的质量,显示出综合偏差订正方案对集合预报温度场偏差订正的良好能力。     

基于TIGGE资料的地面气温多模式超级集合预报

基于TIGGE资料, 采用均方根误差分别对欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心和英国气象局4个中心集合预报的地面气温场集合平均结果进行检验评估, 比较各中心地面气温的预报效果。并利用超级集合、多模式集合平均和消除偏差集合平均3种方法对4个中心的地面气温预报进行集成, 同时对预报结果进行分析。结果表明: 2007年夏季日本气象厅与欧洲中期天气预报中心在北半球大部分地区预报效果最好, 各中心在不同地区预报效果不同。超级集合与消除偏差集合平均降低了预报误差, 预报效果优于最好的单个中心预报和多模式集合平均。对于较长的预报时效, 消除偏差集合平均表现出了更好的预报性能。     

基于贝叶斯理论的单站地面气温的概率预报研究

基于贝叶斯理论,建立了将确定性预报向概率预报转换的基本模式,并利用TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)地面气温预报资料及地面气温观测资料,对概率化后的预报进行了评估与释用。结果表明,概率化后的预报结果不但能提供丰富的预报产品,而且所提供的预报均值优于原始的确定性预报。应用贝叶斯模式平均法(BMA)将中国气象局(CMA)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和ECMWF 3个模式的预报结果进行多模式集成,得到了更为合理的概率分布,其中分布的均值可作为模式的预报结果,方差和置信区间反映了预报量的可变范围。因此,基于贝叶斯预报模式的概率预报相对于确定性预报,不但能够提供更高精度的预报,而且能提供更全面的预报信息。BMA集成预报结果不但优于集合平均预报,而且还能定量描述预报的不确定性。利用ECMWF预报中心51个预报成员进行集成贝叶斯概率预报试验,发现BMA预报融合了各成员对预报不确定性的描述,还对概率预报的均值进行了调整,使之与观测值更为接近。BMA预报的概率密度分布更能反映大气的真实分布情况。