空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响──Ⅲ:凝结潜热加热与南亚高压及西太平洋副高

通过理论分析和数值模拟,研究了降水所致凝结潜热影响副热带高压带断裂的物理机制。基于全型垂直涡度方程的尺度分析指出,强的对流凝结加热的垂直梯度的变化,导致副热带地区对流层高层和中低层的高低压分布呈现出反位相。数值试验证实凝结潜热是决定东半球夏季副热带高压位置和强度的关键因素：东亚季风降雨所致凝结潜热加热使高层南亚高压位于加热中心西侧,中层西太平洋副热带高压位于加热中心东侧。通过定常波的传播,副热带地区的凝结潜热加热对中高纬天气的形成和维持有一定影响。     

中国东部旱涝与东亚“纬向驻波”环流型相关关系的数值试验

亚洲是世界著名的季风区,我国降水分布特征与东亚行星尺度环流型背景以及大地形结构有密切关系。本文采用p-σ坐标原始方程模式,着眼于西太平洋副热带高压与大陆热低压系统强度及其相互配置关系,即相应于东亚夏季风不同强度,与东亚海陆热状况密切相关的“纬向驻波”特征,研究夏季风流型与中国东部降水分布的相关。本文数值试验研究了东亚夏季风基本气流汇合特征与海陆纬向驻波环流型的相关;夏季暖湿区分布,暖湿舌形成与中国东部降水关系。还研究了我国东部雨带形成的高、低层流场的动力结构以及南亚高压活动特点。     

2017年山东夏季降水特征及预测初探

2017年夏季山东平均降水量为453.0 mm,较常年（400.3 mm）偏多13.2%,降雨过程较多,降水空间分布不均匀。夏季北半球极涡为单极型分布,中高纬整体以纬向环流为主,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期强度偏强,西伸脊点较常年偏西。6月降水主要由华北、东北冷涡偏强造成,7月和8月副热带高压偏强、偏西,副热带高压边缘暖湿气流为山东降水提供了充足水汽,导致7、8月降水偏多。此外,进一步分析了历史上相似年份确定和客观预测方法对山东夏季降水预测的作用。     

淮河流域夏季旱涝急转的低频环流成因

利用1960 2007年4—8月逐日降水资料挑选了淮河流域各分区旱涝急转事件,分析了旱涝急转夏季,逐日降水的低频振荡特征。结果表明,旱涝急转夏季逐日降水30 60 d周期振荡明显加强,流域大部分地区30—60 d低频振荡的方差贡献与夏季降水量呈正相关,低频方差贡献大(小)对应夏季降水量多(少),并且,相关显著区域位于流域南部。欧亚中高纬度高度场、经向风场的低频位相在少雨、多雨期呈相反纬向分布是造成旱涝急转的环流成因。通过对典型年份分析,给出了低频分布型的形成过程。在少雨期,北半球中高纬度扰动场为4—5波列,从东北大西洋经欧洲和贝加尔湖至东亚太平洋沿岸为"+、-、+、-",与低频位相分布一致。在多雨期,副极地波导从欧洲北部沿急流流向亚洲高纬度地区,并在鄂霍次克海形成强盛的正扰动中心,有利于鄂霍次克海阻塞形势的形成与维持。当中纬度中亚为负扰动中心,印度季风偏弱时,由于下游效应在日本海形成负扰动,导致副热带高压位置偏南。在低纬度孟加拉湾到中国南海对流层高层为负扰动时,中国南海对流活动偏弱。少雨、多雨期的欧亚中高纬度纬向低频环流型实际上反映了副极地、副热带急流罗斯贝波导结构及其传播的异常。     

梅雨季西太平洋副热带高压异常主要模态及其对东亚降水的可能影响

利用近42 a NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,NOAA（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration）海表温度,CPC（Climate Prediction Center）降水以及中国台站降水观测资料等,对6—7月西太平洋副热带高压（Western Pacific Subtropical High,WPSH）变动的主要模态和形成原因,及其对中国梅雨期降水分布的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,WPSH主要异常模态依次为全区一致型（Ⅰ）,南北异常型（Ⅱ）、东西异常型（Ⅲ）和中心异常型（Ⅳ）。不同异常型的出现受中纬度上游西风带准定常扰动和低纬扰动的不同影响,而后者又与对流层低层大气对不同海温异常型热力强迫响应有关。来自热带中东太平洋的海平面气温异常（Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA）信号有利于副热带高压出现第Ⅰ、Ⅱ型异常;第Ⅲ、Ⅳ型异常则分别受海洋性大陆或西北太平洋下垫面热力影响。长江—黄河—日本沿线以及江南和东北地区降水与副热带高压第Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型异常密切联系。     

2004年夏季经向型雨带及其与印度洋偶极模异常海温的关系

针对2004年夏季降水为南北向雨带分布的异常特点,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对可能造成2004年准经向降水分布的海温场、高度场及水汽输送特征进行了分析,并与夏季降水呈纬向分布的2003年进行了比对.分析结果表明,2004年夏季西太平洋副热带高压偏北、偏东,中国大陆中纬度地区东部为异常偏东水汽输送,西部为异常偏西的水汽输送,东、西风在110°E形成南北向交界,有利于形成南北经向型的水汽辐合和降水分布.而在2003年夏季,西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西,在长江以南形成稳定的带状副高,有利于雨带长时间稳定在副高北侧的淮河流域,同时中国大陆35°N以南地区为异常偏西水汽输送,以北地区为异常偏东的水汽输送,正、负异常纬向风形成东西向交界,有利于形成东西纬向型的水汽辐合和带状降水分布.对海温状况的分析发现,虽然2003年和2004年太平洋异常海温信号较弱,但印度洋和中国大陆近海海温却有明显的差异,2004年夏季西北太平洋异常海温北高南低,西印度洋海温异常偏冷,赤道热带印度洋海温呈东暖西冷的偶极模负相位特征.而在2003年淮河强降水发生同期,西北太平洋异常海温南高北低,西印度洋海温异常偏暖,赤道热带印度洋海温呈东冷西暖的偶极模正相位特征.因此,印度洋异常海温偶极模的不同相位可能是造成2003、2004年中国夏季降水不同雨带分布型的重要原因.利用中国160个代表站1950～1999的降水资料,进一步分析了印度洋偶极模不同相位异常海温对中国夏季降水的影响,结果发现,印度洋偶极模正相位有利于中国南方降水的西移和北方降水的东进,趋向于形成东西纬向型降水分布; 而印度洋偶极模负相位有利于中国南方降水的东退和北方降水的西移,趋向于形成南北经向型降水分布.     

2019年山东夏季降水异常特征及成因分析

2019年夏季山东平均降水量为414.6 mm,较常年偏多3.0%。降水过程较少,时空分布不均,降水偏多主要是由台风“利奇马”影响所致,如果去除台风降水,夏季平均降水量较常年偏少41.8%。夏季西太平洋副热带高压持续偏强、偏西、偏南,配合欧亚中高纬的“两槽一脊”环流型,是去除台风影响后造成山东夏季降水明显偏少的直接原因;2018年9月至2019年6月的厄尔尼诺事件和热带印度洋海面温度的持续偏高对西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏南起到重要作用;北大西洋海面温度三极子持续的正位相与贝加尔湖高压脊偏强有着密切联系。     

2016年夏季内蒙古降水与环流异常特征分析

文章利用2016年前期海洋表面温度异常信号与夏季及各月阻塞高压、东北冷涡、西太平洋副热带高压、夏季风强度等环流系统关系,分析了夏季内蒙古降水异常成因和预测检验。结果表明:(1)2016年夏季500hPa欧亚中高纬高度场纬向呈"+-+"的分布,乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压强,夏季风弱,同时西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南,东北冷涡强度阶段性变化,导致内蒙古降水略少,初夏与盛夏出现多雨少雨转折。(2)初夏6月,内蒙古异常降水主要为阻塞高压和东北冷涡影响;盛夏7、8月夏季风、副热带高压强度、脊线位置、阻塞高压等系统不同配置对内蒙古降水影响较大。(3)前期赤道太平洋Nino区海温指数及大西洋三极子指数(NAT)与夏季风、中高纬度环流与阻塞高压、西太平洋副热带高压等关系及对降水异常影响显著。     

西太平洋副热带高压异常与中国长江中下游夏季降水关系研究综述

综述了西太平洋副热带高压对长江中下游夏季降水异常的影响。在回顾西太平洋副热带高压强度、位置等特征及其异常成因的基础上,总结了近年来气象学者关于西太平洋副热带高压对中国长江中下游夏季降水异常的影响和机理等方面的研究成果：西太平洋副热带高压异常不仅受动力因素的影响还受热力的因素的影响;西太平洋副热带高压的强度存在3-4 a、10-13 a的震荡周期,在1978年前后发生气候突变,脊线位置由正距平为主转为负距平为主,而强度正好相反,这样的变化显著影响了中国长江中下游地区的降水;西太平洋副热带高压的位置、形状和强度是长江中下游地区旱涝的决定条件之一;利用西太平洋副热带高压来对长江中下游降水进行预测,主要有4种方法。提出了当前存在的问题和需要进一步研究的方向。     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压的不同类型与中国汛期大尺度旱涝的分布

利用历史数据,研究了西太平洋副热带高压指数的特征,证实脊线指数和西伸脊点指数可以较好地描述西太平洋副热带高压,同时也指出这两个指数的年际和年代际变化及其不同的配置,是造成中国夏季降水时空分布和旱涝异常的复杂性、多变性的主要原因之一。据此,将西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点指数和脊线指数的距平投影到二维平面上,对西太平洋副热带高压进行了分类,并对其各种类型下中国夏季降水进行了合成分析,发现夏季西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点和脊线不同配置下中国夏季降水的总体分布具有明显的规律性:在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏北的情况下,夏季降水总体表现出南北两条雨带;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线正常的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为北多南少,长江以北降水偏多;在西太平洋副热带高压脊线偏南的情况下,夏季降水总体表现为南多北少,长江流域及其以南地区降水偏多;上述3种情况下西伸脊点越偏西,降水范围越大。此外,通过计算1951—2010年各年夏季降水实况与其西太平洋副热带高压所属年份夏季降水合成的距平相关系数,发现同一类型下各年夏季降水与其合成分布总体相似,说明了西太平洋副热带高压位置对中国降水具有明显的影响,同时也说明此种分类具有一定的合理性。最后,通过对9种西太平洋副热带高压类型下北半球夏季500hPa高度场和850hPa风场距平分别进行合成,对不同西太平洋副热带高压类型下中国夏季降水的大尺度环流背景和可能机理进行了分析。     

Progress in the study on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone

The studies in China on the formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone on the climate timescale are reviewed. New insights in resent studies are introduced. It is stressed that either in the free atmosphere or in the planetary boundary, the descending arm of the Hadley cell cannot be considered as a mechanism for the formation of the subtropical anticyclone. Then the theories of thermal adaptation of the atmosphere to external thermal forcing and the potential vorticity forcing are developed to understand the formation of the subtropical anticyclone in the three-dimensional domain. Numerical experiments are designed to verify these theories. Results show that in the boreal summer, the formation of the strong South Asian High in the upper troposphere and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific in the middle and lower troposphere is, to a great extent, due to the convective latent heating associated with the Asian monsoon, but affected by orography and the surface sensible heating over the continents.On the other hand, the formation of the subtropical anticyclone at the surface over the northern Pacific and in the upper troposphere over North America is mainly due to the strong surface sensible heating over North America, but affected by radiation cooling over the eastern North Pacific. Moreover, in the real atmosphere such individual thermal forcing is well organized. By considering the different diabatic heating in synthesis, a quadruple heating pattern is found over each subtropical continent and its adjacent oceans in summer. A distinct circulation pattern accompanies this heating pattern. The global summer subtropical heating and circulation may be viewed as “mosaics” of such quadruplet heating and circulationpatterns respectively. At last, some important issues for further research in understanding and predicting the variations of the subtropical anticyclone are raised.     

夏季长江淮河流域异常降水事件环流差异及机理研究

长江、淮河同处东亚中纬度,天气过程的大尺度环流背景相似,大量相关研究基本是把江淮流域天气气候事件作为一个整体研究,然而对长江、淮河流域夏季降水的时空变化进行分析发现,长江、淮河流域夏季异常降水事件有各自不同的年际、年代际变化特征,但环流差异及成因并不十分清楚。本文根据中国台站降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用物理量诊断和现代统计学等方法,重点分析长江、淮河流域梅雨期降水异常事件发生时南北半球大气环流内部动力过程的差异及成因。研究指出:长江（淮河）流域梅雨期降水异常偏多年500 hPa位势高度场亚洲中高纬度环流呈现为南北向（东西向）的波列与东亚中高纬鄂霍茨克海阻塞频次增多（减少）以及200 hPa高度场上东亚副热带高空西风急流强度加强（减弱）、稳定（移动）有关;长江（淮河）流域梅雨期降水异常偏多年主要水汽来源与南半球澳大利亚高压、马斯克林高压位置偏东（西）造成西太平洋150°E～180°（阿拉伯海50°E～60°E）地区越赤道气流加强有关。长江（淮河）流域梅雨期异常降水事件大气环流内部动力过程最显著的差异表现为:东亚副热带高空西风急流加强（减弱）以及南半球澳大利亚高压、马斯克林高压位置偏东（西）。     

Low-Frequency Oscillations of the East Asia-Pacific Teleconnection Pattern and Their Impacts on Persistent Heavy Precipitation in the Yangtze-Huai River Valley

Based on the daily reanalysis data from NCEP NCAR and daily precipitation data from the China National Meteorological Information Center,an ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is employed to extract the predominant oscillation modes of the East Asia Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern.The influences of these low-frequency modes on persistent heavy precipitation in the Yangtze Huai River(YHR)valley are investigated.The results indicate that the EAP pattern and rainfall in YHR valley both exhibit remarkable 10 30- and 30 60-day oscillations.The impacts of the EAP pattern on the YHR persistent heavy precipitation can be found on both the 10 30- and 30 60-day timescales the 10 30-day scale for most cases.Composite analysis indicates that,on the 10 30-day timescale,formation of the EAP pattern in the lower and middle troposphere is determined by convective systems near the tropical western Pacific;whereas in the middle troposphere,the phase transition is jointly contributed by both the dispersion of zonal wave energies at higher latitudes and convective systems over the South China Sea.In the context of the10 30-day EAP pattern,the anomalously abundant moisture is transported by an anomalous subtropical anticyclone system,and strong moisture convergence results from that anomalous anticyclone system and a cyclonic system in the midlatitude East Asia.Such a combination of systems persists for at least three days,contributing to the formation of persistent heavy precipitation in the YHR valley.     

Subseasonal Zonal Oscillation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High during Early Summer

This study examines the features and dynamical processes of subseasonal zonal oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during early summer, by performing a multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MVEOF) analysis on daily winds and a diagnosis on potential vorticity (PV) at 500 hPa for the period 1979–2016. The first MV-EOF mode is characterized by an anticyclonic anomaly occupying southeastern China to subtropical western North Pacific regions. It has a period of 10–25 days and represents zonal shift of the WPSH. When the WPSH stretches more westward, the South Asian high (SAH) extends more eastward. Above-normal precipitation is observed over the Yangtze–Huaihe River (YHR) basin. Suppressed convection with anomalous descending motion is located over the subtropical western North Pacific. The relative zonal movement of the SAH and the WPSH helps to establish an anomalous local vertical circulation of ascending motion with upper-level divergence over the YHR basin and descending motion with upper-level convergence over the subtropical western Pacific. The above local vertical circulation provides a dynamic condition for persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. An enhanced southwest flow over the WPSH’s western edge transports more moisture to eastern China, providing a necessary water vapor condition for the persistent rainfall over the YHR basin. A potential vorticity diagnosis reveals that anomalous diabatic heating is a main source for PV generation. The anomalous cooling over the subtropical western Pacific produces a local negative PV center at 500 hPa. The anomalous heating over the YHR basin generates a local positive PV center. The above south–north dipolar structure of PV anomaly along with the climatological southerly flow leads to northward advection of negative PV. These two processes are conducive to the WPSH’s westward extension. The vertical advection process is unfavorable to the westward extension but contributes to the eastward retreat of the WPSH.     

线性准地转模型中基本流和辐射冷却对感热加热强迫的副热带高压形态的影响

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的数值解,研究了感热型垂直非均匀分布的冷、热源强迫所激发的副热带环流的结构特征,讨论了副热带背景风场和洋面辐射冷却对洋面副热带高压“三角形偏心”结构形成的重要作用。结果表明,基本流对感热加热强迫的副热带环流有重要影响,当基本流为常数时,感热加热强迫的气旋和反气旋主要集中在对流层中下层,且地面系统远强于中高层。当基本流为非常数时,其经向切变能改变气旋和反气旋中心的经向位置,使它移至0风速所在纬度附近;其垂直变化加强了中高层气旋和反气旋,中心位于对流层上层,与南亚高压的位置基本一致。研究结果还表明,在大洋东部洋面辐射冷却与副热带地区背景风场的共同作用下,形成了洋面副热带高压特有的“三角形偏心”结构。副热带高纬度的西风使感热强迫的洋面副热带高压东移,低纬度的东风使其西移,形成东北—西南走向的“平行四边形”结构,且中心位于大洋西部。大洋东部强洋面辐射冷却激发的洋面反气旋加强了大洋东部的副热带高压,使其中心东移至大洋东部,从而表现出东北—西南走向的“三角形偏心”结构。      

Low-frequency oscillations of the East Asia–Pacific teleconnection pattern and their impacts on persistent heavy precipitation in the Yangtze–Huai River valley

Based on the daily reanalysis data from NCEP NCAR and daily precipitation data from the China National Meteorological Information Center,an ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is employed to extract the predominant oscillation modes of the East Asia Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern.The influences of these low-frequency modes on persistent heavy precipitation in the Yangtze Huai River(YHR)valley are investigated.The results indicate that the EAP pattern and rainfall in YHR valley both exhibit remarkable 10 30- and 30 60-day oscillations.The impacts of the EAP pattern on the YHR persistent heavy precipitation can be found on both the 10 30- and 30 60-day timescales the 10 30-day scale for most cases.Composite analysis indicates that,on the 10 30-day timescale,formation of the EAP pattern in the lower and middle troposphere is determined by convective systems near the tropical western Pacific;whereas in the middle troposphere,the phase transition is jointly contributed by both the dispersion of zonal wave energies at higher latitudes and convective systems over the South China Sea.In the context of the10 30-day EAP pattern,the anomalously abundant moisture is transported by an anomalous subtropical anticyclone system,and strong moisture convergence results from that anomalous anticyclone system and a cyclonic system in the midlatitude East Asia.Such a combination of systems persists for at least three days,contributing to the formation of persistent heavy precipitation in the YHR valley.     

Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere

The effects of condensation heating on the formation of the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) are studied by means of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The complete vorticity equation is employed for the analysis. It is found that, due to the vertical gradient of strong condensation heating, the distribution of cyclone and anticyclone in the upper troposphere is out of phase with that in the middle and lower troposphere. This is confirmed by a series of numerical experiments. The horizontal gradient of the condensation heating also affects the configuration of the subtropical anticyclone. It is concluded that condensation heating is a key factor for the formation and location of the summer subtropical anticyclone in the EH. The latent heating released by the Asian monsoon rainfall contributes to the formation of the 200 hPa South Asian anticyclone on the western side of the heating center and the 500 hPa western Pacific subtropical anticyclone on the eastern side of the center. Such configurations are modified to some extent by surface sensible heating and orography. The circulation in mid-latitudes is also affected by the latent heating in the subtropical area through the propagation of Rossby waves. Received: 10 September 1999 / Accepted: 5 June 2000     

Climatic features related to Eastern China summer rainfalls in the NCAR CCM3

1. IntroductionThe broadly defined Asian monsoon actually consists of the indian monsoon and theEast Asian monsoon. The indian summer monsoon, as well as its connection with some otherclimatic variabilities. such as the ENSO event, has been studied extensively (Rasmusson andCarpenter, 1983; Shukla and Paolino, 1983; Shukla and Mooley, 1987; Ju and Slingo, 1995).To the East Asian monsoon, with its main part over the eastern China, its relationship withENSO and other large scale climati…     

Attribution of Persistent Precipitation in the Yangtze–Huaihe River Basin during February 2019

In February 2019, a month-long persistent precipitation event occurred in the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The geopotential height field that affected the duration of this frontal rainfall was divided into a high-latitude part and a low-latitude part for analysis. In the high-latitude part, a two-wave structure led to quasi-stationary circulation, and the change of both the blocking high pressure and Arctic Oscillation phase caused cold air to invade South China continuously and changed the frontal position. In mid-to-low latitudes, the persistent precipitation showed quasi-biweekly oscillation characteristics. The so-called “subtropical high–precipitation–anticyclone” (SHPA) feedback mechanism blocked the circulation systems in the mid-to-low latitudes and provided a continuous supply of water vapor for precipitation. As for the effect of sea surface temperature, the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone stimulated by El Ni?o strengthened the intensity of the southerly wind and provided support for the redevelopment of the anticyclone system in the SHPA feedback mechanism. The sea surface temperature anomaly in the South China Sea provided sensible heating for precipitation, and convergent rising airflow was conducive to the occurrence of precipitation. Additionally, the SHPA mechanism provides a reliable basis for the prediction of persistent precipitation in winter in the mid-to-low latitudes.     

春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响和预测作用

利用1980-2012年青藏高原中、东部71个站点观测资料、全中国756站的月降水资料、哈得来中心提供的HadISST v1.1海温资料以及ERA-Interim再分析资料,综合青藏高原的感热加热以及全球海温,研究了春季青藏高原感热对中国东部夏季降水的影响,并建立预报方程,探讨了青藏高原春季感热对中国降水的预报作用。结果表明,青藏高原春季感热与中国东部降水关系密切,青藏高原春季感热异常增强伴随着长江流域中下游同期降水增多,后期夏季长江流域整流域降水也持续偏多,华南东部降水偏少。春季青藏高原感热的增强与环北半球中高纬度的罗斯贝波列密切相关,扰动在北太平洋形成的反气旋环流向西南方向延伸至西北太平洋,为长江流域输送大量的水汽,有利于降水的发生。夏季,伴随着前期青藏高原感热的增强,南亚高压位置偏东,西北太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）位置偏西偏南,西太副高北侧为气旋式环流异常。在西太副高的控制下,华南东部降水减少;西太副高西侧的偏南气流为长江流域带来大量水汽,并与来自北部气旋式环流异常西侧的偏北风发生辐合,降水增多。青藏高原春季感热异常是华南和长江流域夏季降水异常的重要前兆信号。加入青藏高原春季感热后,利用海温预报的华南、长江流域夏季降水量与观测值的相关系数有所提高,预报方程对区域降水的解释方差提高约15%。