Convective Scale Structure and Evolution of a Squall Line Observed by C-Band Dual Doppler Radar in an Arid Region of Northwestern China

A long-lived and loosely organized squall line moved rapidly across Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China on 26 June 2005, generating hail and strong winds. The squall line was observed by a dual Doppler radar system in a field experiment conducted in 2004 and 2005 by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and the local meteorological bureau in northwestern China. The 3D wind fields within the squall line were retrieved through dual Doppler analyses and a variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS). The formation and structure of the squall line as well as the genesis and evolution of embedded convective cells were investigated. During its life period, the squall line consisted of six storm cells extending about 100 km in length, and produced hail of about 25 mm in diameter and strong surface winds up to 11 m s^-1. Radar observations revealed a broad region of stratiform rain in a meso-β cyclone, with the squall line located to the west of this. Two meso-γ scale vortices were found within the squall line. Compared to typical squall lines in moist regions, such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, which tend to be around 300--400 km in length, have echo tops of 17--19 km, and produce maximum surface winds of about 25 m s^-1 and temperature variations of about 8^oC this squall line system had weaker maximum reflectivity (55 dBZ), a lower echo top (13 km) and smaller extension (about 100 km), relatively little stratiform rainfall preceding the convective line, and a similar moving speed and temperature variation at the surface.     

利用双多普勒雷达研究强飑线过程的三维风场结构

山东齐河CINRAD/SA和滨州CINRAD/SC雷达相距125.5km,组成了双多普勒雷达观测网,利用2004年6月21—22日的一次强飑线过程的多普勒天气雷达探测资料,分析了双雷达观测资料的质量控制结果,并根据双多普勒雷达反演的三维风场研究了飑线的三维结构。结果表明,两部雷达探测的回波在水平位置上有2.0km的差别,回波强度滨州雷达低5.2dBz,回波结构也有一定的差别,径向速度在可比较的区域一致性很好。飑线不同位置的水平风场结构有很大不同,在飑线北端,低层是气旋性辐合风场,飑线南端是反气旋性辐合风场,而中部沿强对流窄带的前部是偏西和东南风的风场辐合。中高层云中风逐渐转为西北风,强对流回波带上空对应辐散风场;垂直于强对流带方向的风场垂直结构表明:成熟阶段,强对流窄带前部的低层是入流气流,即东风气流,它与对流带后部的西风相遇后向上倾斜上升,在中高层向前流出形成飑前砧状云。减弱阶段,低层的西风分量增强并向前穿过强对流回波带,导致前面的入流气流风速减弱、下边界抬高,这一垂直风场结构和演变特征与美国中纬度飑线的结构基本一致。     

2014年5月31日华东地区一次暖区飑线过程的多普勒天气雷达分析

本研究利用美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的Global Forecasting System（GFS）再分析资料、气象信息综合分析处理系统（MICAPS）观测资料、自动站与逐小时融合降水资料和中国新一代多普勒天气雷达网的基数据（Level-Ⅱ）,对2014年5月31日一次发生在合肥附近的暖区飑线过程进行了分析。天气分析显示,飑线发生在暖区,整个中高层以下呈现高湿状态,以及较弱的对流不稳定和弱风切变（0~3 km风切小于10 m·s^-1）环境。雷达分析揭示,飑线呈弓状,具有明显的对流区、层云区和过渡带,线尾涡旋位于弓形回波北端。从后往前的气流自层云区后侧6 km以下进入系统,最大风速区在z=4 km处,强风速中心并未及地造成地面风灾。由于本次个案在暖区高湿环境下形成,地面冷池较弱,维持时间短;短时降水较强,最强超过40 mm·h^-1。     

江淮流域长生命史飑线的特征分析与临近预警

利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、NCEP再分析资料,对江淮流域4次长生命史的飑线的形成原因、发展演变过程进行天气学分析。结果表明:飑线的发生需要强位势不稳定层结,且高层有冷空气的不断补充是飑线长生命史维持的主要原因之一;江苏东部的沿海地形为其发生发展提供了良好的水汽输送条件;强的环境风垂直切变,中高空急流和高空辐散场能使飑线维持较长的生命史。4次过程从雷达反射率因子图中,均可分析出典型的弓形回波结构。成熟的弓形回波结构严谨,宽度很窄,前沿有阵风锋存在。垂直结构上,在弓形回波的前侧入流一侧,存在较大的回波反射率因子梯度,回波顶位于强反射率因子梯度区之上;伴随着飑线的发展,在多普勒雷达径向速度图上有中层径向辐合和低空大范围的大风速区;中气旋和MARC可作为预报灾害性大风的可靠判据。     

Lightning and Doppler radar observations of a squall line system

A typical squall line with damaging wind and hailstones occurred on 28 April 2006 in Shandong Province, middle eastern China, and caused great economic loss. The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) in the squall line were studied in detail by combining the data from the ground-based CG location network, two Doppler radars and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the TRMM satellite. Results show that positive CG flashes accounted for 54.7% of the total CG flashes. During the initial developing stage, the CG flash rate was lower than 0.5fl min^{− 1} and most of the CG flashes were positive. It increased significantly, up to 4.5fl min^{− 1}, along with the rapid development of the squall line, and the percentage of positive CG was more than 75% during this period. The CG flash rate began to decrease but the percentage of negative CG flash increased gradually and exceeded that of positive CG during the mature and dissipating stages. Positive CG flashes tended to occur on the right flank and negative ones on the left flank. Strong wind at the surface occurred in or near the regions with dense positive CG flashes. Almost all positive CG flashes occurred near the strong radar echo regions, in the front parts of the squall line. However, the negative CG flashes almost exclusively occurred in the regions with weak and uniform radar echoes. The total flash rate in the storm was very high, up to 136fl min^{− 1}, and its ratio of intracloud flashes (IC) to CG flashes was 35:1. Dense positive CG flashes corresponded to updraft regions, they did not occur in the core of the updraft, but just behind and close to the main updraft instead. The rear inflow jet, between 3 and 6 km, played an important role in the formation of the bow echo and very strong wind at surface. The CG distribution features in the squall line were obviously different from that of an ordinary MCS. The charge structure could be roughly described as an inverted charge structure.     

一次弓形回波结构和演变机制的观测分析

基于单多普勒天气雷达观测和双多普勒雷达反演风场,对2009年6月3日河南商丘发生的一次弓形回波的结构和演变机制进行细致分析。系统发生前的环境均具有中等对流有效位能和中等偏弱低空垂直风切变。雷达分析显示,该弓形回波从超级单体开始,经过风暴合并发展而成的经典弓形回波结构,生命史约3 h。在超级单体阶段,具有中纬度典型超级单体的低层钩状回波、中层有界弱回波区和中气旋结构。超级单体减弱后,因强降水拖曳和降水蒸发冷却,引起云内强的下沉运动,将云外干冷空气带到云内,形成中层后方入流,并在地面形成强冷池,触发干冷后向入流,回波逐渐演化成为弓形。弓形回波成熟阶段,风暴相对后向入流急流在对流区后部2 km高度加速下沉,系统前沿增强至20 m·s^-1。在中层,系统后侧南北两端形成气旋和反气旋涡旋对,此中层涡旋对后向入流强度贡献约20%。在系统前缘低层（1.5 km）、出流边界附近,存在一气旋式涡旋。受后向入流急流和此低层涡旋的共同作用,在顶点附近产生超过32 m·s^-1的最大地面相对风速。至减弱期,低层出流扩展至系统前方20 km,截断了低层暖湿入流,使其快速减弱。     

一次强飑线过程的中小尺度特征分析

通过常规资料、新一代天气雷达、自动站等资料对2005年3月22日影响福建的一次飑线系统进行分析。分析指出，该飑线系统是由高空槽前型的上干下湿引起的不稳定强对流天气。对新一代天气雷达资料分析揭示了此次飑线的典型的弓状特征、强的后侧入流槽口以及入流槽口上的弱回波区等中小尺度结构特征是造成灾害性大风的成因。     

多普勒雷达对一次阵风锋的三维结构研究

通过对济南地区一次春季阵风锋的多普勒雷达资料分析,反演出典型的密度流外流边界(阵风锋)的特征,在雷达回波图上表现为一条狭窄的弧状强回波带,强回波带的后方再发展出宽大较弱的回波区.体扫的各仰角速度场显示出阵风锋合理的空间结构;在雷达回波上阵风锋的长度表现为低仰角长,高仰角短,而距离表现为低仰角远,高仰角近.速度垂直剖面上存在典型的中层径向辐合MARC,高度大约在2.5～7 km之间,反映出强对流存在明显的后方中层入流.随着仰角的增大,可以分析出阵风锋是近地面现象.     

一次飑线过程雷达回波特征及环境条件分析

利用常规资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2014年3月30—31日广东一次飑线过程进行了分析。重点分析了飑线发生的环流背景、环境特征、不稳定条件、垂直风切变等及多普勒雷达回波演变过程。结果表明:(1)此次飑线过程发生在中高纬地区稳定的阻塞形势下,从四川盆地东移的高空槽和低涡切变线是造成广东强对流天气的主要影响系统。(2)低空急流水汽输送、低层强水汽辐合、强低空垂直风切变和上干下湿的水汽垂直分布为飑线的发生、发展提供了必要的热力和动力条件。(3)强盛阶段飑线具有明显的阵风锋和弱回波通道,速度图上飑线北端为强的气旋式切变,南端为弱的反气旋式切变,在"弓形"回波顶点处有强的速度辐合。飑线内部后侧为一支倾斜向下的冷空气入流,前沿是一支沿冷空气爬升的暖空气入流。(4)在"弓形"回波顶部后侧长时间维持着向后倾斜的后侧入流急流RIJ(Rear Inflow Jets),RIJ对"弓形"回波的形成、地面大风和飑线的维持和快速移动具有重要的作用。     

一次飑线风暴的环境条件和雷达回波特征分析

利用常规气象观测和新一代天气雷达监测资料,对大兴安岭地区加格达奇市2006年8月一次飑线天气的环境条件和雷达回波特征等分析发现：此次过程的影响系统高空槽为前倾结构,飑线发生在地面冷锋前,大气具有较强的不稳定层结,有利于上升运动,水汽充足,低层较强的垂直风切变使对流云团和弓形等线状回波生成并较长时间地维持和发展。对流云团位置与上升运动区域较为一致,产生飑线的强对流云团出现在中低层垂直速度梯度较大并靠近上升运动中心一侧,并位于低层比湿和水汽通量散度梯度较大区域即干锋附近以及K指数能量锋上。飑线弓形回波出现在一个中尺度椭圆状对流云团中心内部发展最强处。当云团向东北偏东方向移过加格达奇雷达站时,雷达反射率因子先后呈现出弓形、＂人＂字形等线状回波特征,当线状回波南端＂人＂字形顶部较强回波和后侧入流急流前方＂V＂型槽口的尖峰移经加格达奇时,带来了雷雨大风天气。     

山西北部一次飑线大风的多普勒雷达资料特征分析

利用大同多普勒雷达的基本反射率因子、组合反射率因子、速度剖面图、垂直液态含水量、回波顶及vwP产品,结合环流形势和自动站分钟数据资料,对2010年6月16日发生在大同地区的飑线天气过程进行分析发现,这次飑线过程是在高中低三层冷涡环流控制及地面锋前暖区的流型配置下发生的;飑线过境时压、风、温三要素出现剧烈变化;飑线过境时,2个大风站出现速度极大值的时间与外流边界的影响时间相吻合,4个大风站出现速度极大值的时间与强回波下沉气流影响时间相对应。分析结果表明：冷涡携带的冷空气使飑线后部入流不断得到补充。前侧暖湿气流沿着后部人流爬升,不断产生新的单体,是飑线能够维持、发展的主要原因;飑线前侧暖湿气流倾斜上升,主体部分向人流倾斜,与冷空气汇合形成下沉气流并向外扩散,与前侧人流形成弧状的阵风锋是此次飑线的垂直流场结构特征。     

云南中部一次飑天气过程的雷达回波特征

利用地面资料和雷达回波，分析了2002年9月8日云南中部一次飑天气的发生、发展和演变情况，得出低纬高原飑天气出现时天气和要素变化为：雷暴最先出现，随后湿度急升，气温直线下降。在这突变过程中出现大风、大雨和冰雹，气压出现跳跃。飑线水平尺度长不到100km，宽仅10km，生消史两个小时左右。其雷达回波有前期征兆，发生演变过程，有一定特征。     

Gust Front Statistical Characteristics and Automatic Identification Algorithm for CINRAD

Gust front is a kind of meso-and micro-scale weather phenomenon that often causes serious ground wind and wind shear. This paper presents an automatic gust front identification algorithm. Totally 879 radar volume-scan samples selected from 21 gust front weather processes that occurred in China between 2009 and 2012 are examined and analyzed. Gust front echo statistical features in reflectivity, velocity, and spectrum width fields are obtained. Based on these features, an algorithm is designed to recognize gust fronts and generate output products and quantitative indices. Then, 315 samples are used to verify the algorithm and 3 typical cases are analyzed. Major conclusions include： 1） for narrow band echoes intensity is between 5 and 30 dBZ, widths are between 2 and 10 km, maximum heights are less than 4 km （89.33%are lower than 3 km）, and the lengths are between 50 and 200 km. The narrow-band echo is higher than its surrounding echo. 2） Gust fronts present a convergence line or a wind shear in the velocity field;the frontal wind speed gradually decreases when the distance increases radially outward. Spectral widths of gust fronts are large, with 87.09% exceeding 4 m s-1 . 3） Using 315 gust front volume-scan samples to test the algorithm reveals that the algorithm is highly stable and has successfully recognized 277 samples. The algorithm also works for small-scale or weak gust fronts. 4） Radar data quality has certain impact on the algorithm.     

一次典型飑线过程的个例分析

利用太原c波段多普勒天气雷达资料,结合NCEP数据资料,对2008年6月28日发生在山西的一次大范围飑线过程进行了综合分析后发现：该飑线产生于对流层中高层槽后干冷空气向南扩散,低层辐合,大气层结极不稳定,垂直风切变强的大背景下,在其影响的区域产生的主要灾害天气现象为大风、冰雹和暴雨。飑线呈现出典型的弓形回波特征,后部人流急流（rear inflow jet）和后部人流缺口（RIN）,前部的阵风锋等典型特征。弓形回波两端存在中尺度流型,即北端的气旋式旋转和南端的反气旋式旋转。北端的气旋式旋转在演变过程中不断加强而变成一个旋转的逗点头,而南端的反气旋式旋转在演变过程中基本保持不变,弓形回波的形状也从开始时的南北对称结构逐渐转变为南北不对称的结构。另外,弓形回波前沿中低层存在弱回波区,中高层存在回波悬垂,强回波区延伸到0℃等温线之上,表明雷暴内上升气流很强,有利于冰雹和强降水形成。     

Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province

In this study,single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation(HP) supercell embedded in a cold front near Jianyang,Fujian Province on 12 April 2003.The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels,moderate CAPE(convective available potential energy;1601 J kg~(-1)),moderate wind shear(22 m s~(-1) in 0-5 km),and veering of the horizontal winds with height,similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes.In additio...     

一次下击暴流显著弓形回波特征

利用天气图、卫星云图和天津新一代天气雷达资料对2007年7月31日凌晨发生在蓟县的强风过程进行分析。结果表明：此次过程是弓形回波与超级单体在合并过程中产生的下击暴流过程而并非龙卷过程。2007年7月30日夜间至31日凌晨,一条自西南向东北方向移动的弓形回波,先后影响天津地区的6个区县产生雷阵雨短时暴雨天气,最大雨强为37.6 mm.h-1,但6个气象站均未出现飑、冰雹和地面大风。对连续观测的雷达资料分析发现,反射率因子图上,显示一条维持了5 h多的弓形回波在移动过程中与一个预先存在低质心的超级单体在蓟县山区合并,产生了下击暴流;反射率因子图上弱回波缺口出现;同时弓形回波形态发生改变,2.4°仰角以上产生断裂;最大雷达反射率因子为53 dBz。在相对径向速度图上,早期呈现为明显的后侧入流急流,后期有中气旋生成并伴有中低层辐散;高层出现强反气旋特征。风暴发展高度较高,回波顶高超过15 km,随着下击暴流的发生,反射率因子核有一个3 km的急降。     

苏北一次强降水超级单体风暴过程的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、FY2C卫星和多普勒雷达资料,对2008年7月22日发生在苏北的一次强降水超级单体风暴过程进行诊断分析。天气分析显示,风暴发生于高湿、较低的抬升凝结高度、强对流不稳定(3 445 J/kg)和中到强的垂直风切变(0~6 km,18 m/s)环境,这种大气环境非常有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发生发展。雷达回波分析揭示,该超级单体的演化可归结为"孤立单体—经典强降水超级单体—减弱东移"三个阶段,持续时间超过2 h。强降水超级单体风暴成熟期,呈现出典型的倒"V"型缺口、中低层有界弱回波区和反射率因子大值区由低层向高层往低层入流一侧倾斜的特征,相应的雷达径向速度场显示在倒"V"型缺口附近的强降水区中存在一个成熟的中气旋。湿位涡的诊断结果表明:高层干冷空气侵入触发潜在对流不稳定能量释放,有利于对流运动的发展;中低层大气对流不稳定与条件对称不稳定共存,既有垂直对流,又有倾斜对流发生,同时边界层的偏东风入流向暴雨区提供充沛的水汽,对暴雨的发生发展起增幅作用。     

华南暖区暴雨中一次飑线的中尺度分析

利用地面加密观测资料、高空观测资料、多普勒雷达观测和雷达风场反演资料等,分析造成2010年5月6—7日华南暴雨中一次飑线的演变过程及三维结构特征。结果表明:(1)此次飑线过程发生于200 hPa高空辐散区、500 hPa高空槽后、地面准静止锋锋前暖区内,850 hPa飑线北侧为切变线,东南侧存在低空急流,中低层为中等强度垂直风切变。(2)该飑线系统初始对流单体由西风受广西大瑶山脉地形阻挡而触发。发展过程中两广交界处不断生成新单体,东移发展并入对流带,单体发展及对流带的形成与地面中尺度辐合线关系密切。(3)该飑线在形成过程中存在对流带与对流单体的锢囚过程,锢囚过程中地面辐合线及中层中气旋起组织作用,至盛期对流带东段出现弓形回波结构。强降水拖曳、雨滴蒸发冷却增强下沉气流及中层冷空气入流,造成地面冷池及后部辐散出流,促进弓形回波发展。(4)成熟期飑线系统包含弓形回波、冷池及不明显的层状云区,三维结构特征与经典飑线类似,但无涡旋对,雷暴高压也不明显。     

Micrometeorological Observations of a Microburst in Southern Finland

On the afternoon of 3 July 2004 in Hyytiälä (Juupajoki, Finland), convective cells produced a strong downburst causing forest damage. The SMEAR II field station, situated near the damage site, enabled a unique micrometeorological analysis of a microburst with differences above and inside the canopy. At the time of the event, a squall line associated with a cold front was crossing Hyytiälä with a reflectivity maximum in the middle of the squall line. A bow echo, rear-inflow notch, and probable mesovortex were observed in radar data. The bow echo moved west-north-west, and its apex travelled just north of Hyytiälä. The turbulence data were analysed at two locations above the forest canopy and at one location at sub-canopy. At 1412 EET (Eastern European Time, UTC+2), the horizontal and vertical wind speed increased and the wind veered, reflecting the arrival of a gust front. At the same time, the carbon dioxide concentration increased due to turbulent mixing, the temperature decreased due to cold air flow from aloft and aerosol particle concentration decreased due to rain scavenging. An increase in the number concentration of ultra-fine particles (< 10 nm) was detected, supporting the new particle formation either from cloud outflow or due to rain. Five minutes after the gust front (1417 EET), strong horizontal and downward vertical wind speed gusts occurred with maxima of 22 and 15 m s^?1, respectively, reflecting the microburst. The turbulence spectra before, during and after the event were consistent with traditional turbulence spectral theory.     

Development and structure of a maritime continent thunderstorm

Summary The evaluation of a maritime continent thunderstorm complex (Hector) occurring over Bathurst and Melville Islands north of Darwin, Australia (12° S, 131° E) is investigated primarily using Doppler radar data. Thunderstorm formation follows the development of sea breeze circulations and a period of shallow non-precipitating convection. Evidence exists for initiation of long-lived and organised convection on the sea breeze fronts, although short-lived, scattered convection is apparent earlier in the day. Merging of the convective systems is observed in regions of enhanced low-level convergence related to sea breeze circulations. The merged convective complex is initially aligned in an almost east-west direction consistent with the low-level forcing. The merged complex results in rapid vertical development with updraughts reaching 40 m s^– and echo tops reaching 20 km height. Maximum precipitation production occurs during this merger phase. On the perimeter of the merged convective complex, evidence exists for front-to-rear updraughts sloped over lower-level downdraughts with rear-to-front relative flow and forward propagating cold pools. The mature phase is dominated by this convection and the complex re-orientates in the prevailing easterly vertical shear to an approximate north-south direction, then moves westward off the islands with the classic multicellular squall-like structure.The one-dimensional cloud model of Ferrier and Houze (1989) used with a four class ice formulation reproduced the cloud top height, updraught structure and echo profile very well. To test the importance of ice physics upon thunderstorm development, several sensitivity tests were made removing the effects of the ice phase. All of these model clouds reached nearly 20 km, although simulations without the effects of ice had updraughts reduced from about 40 m s^–1 to 30 m s^–1. The simulated convection was more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and parameterised cloud dynamics. The strong intensity of the convection was largely accounted for by increasing equivalent potential temperatures due to diurnal heating of the surface layer. The vertical velocity and radar structure of the island thunderstorm has more similarity with continental rather than oceanic convection. Maximum vertical velocities, in particular are almost an order of magnitude greater than typical of oceanic convection. With the intense updraughts, even in the low shear environment, there is evidence for mesoscale circulations within the convection.With 17 Figures