利用双多普勒雷达资料对一次台风流场结构的分析

应用Qiu等提出的两步变分反演法,由厦门、长乐两部雷达观测资料反演0604号台风"碧利斯"登陆福建霞浦前的风场,并利用反演的水平风场检验几种常用的台风涡旋模型对此次台风的合理性,以期对雷达资料应用于台风过程分析和模拟有更进一步的认识。结果表明,两步变分法可以较好地反演出台风的水平、垂直风场特征,水平风场呈现不对称性且有明显的偏心结构,流场随高度表现出漏斗形特征,垂直风速与水平流场对应较好,台风中心有下沉气流,外围有上升气流。通过对台风物理量的分析发现,此次台风过程存在以最大风速半径随高度向外倾斜的主环流圈和低层向中心流入,高层向外流出的次环流圈。利用反演的水平风场对常用的对称风场涡旋模型进行了验证,发现在最大风速圈内取Rankine模式,最大风速圈外取Chen3模式对此次台风过程拟合较好。     

强台风海鸥登陆期间近地层风特性分析

利用位于海南文昌市的90 m测风塔观测的强台风海鸥多层测风数据,分析了台风海鸥登陆期间近地层风场时空特征、湍流强度、垂直风切变及阵风因子等风场特性,分析结果表明:台风海鸥登陆期间,近地层各高度风速呈现"M"型双峰特征,最大风速出现在台风后风圈;台风过境前后,风向旋转了180°;近地层风速随高度升高而增大,各高度风速垂直切变符合对数和指数规律;粗糙度长度、风廓线幂指数、湍流强度、阵风系数等风场特性与风速呈负相关关系,随着风速的增加而降低;从台风外围至台风眼,粗糙度长度随风速呈现"增大-减小-增大"特征;台风眼内部风速垂直切变剧烈,前后风圈的风速垂直切变较弱;强风区湍流强度较弱,弱风区湍流强度较强;台风风圈的湍流强度随高度增加而减小,台风眼内湍流强度随高度先减小再增加;台风影响各阶段阵风系数随高度升高而减小,各高度层阵风系数遵循指数定律;阵风系数随风速的增大而减小,当风速达到一定强度时,阵风系数随风速变化不明显。     

多类型天气系统下VAP风场反演效果分析

基于河源雷达站的历史观测数据,挑选不同灾害天气(台风、前汛期暴雨、大范围强对流)下对应的天气系统,采用VAP方法对这些天气系统的风场进行反演并分析,结果表明:该方法对于前汛期暴雨类型天气系统能够较好反演出整体风场分布及切变线的位置、移动趋势等;对于台风系统在台风一二象限反演效果较好,但反演出的风场只能指示回波的移动方向,对于台风内部风场结构反演效果则不佳;对强对流天气系统能够很好反演出环境风场以及指示系统的移动方向,但对于系统内部中小尺度系统反演方法效果不佳.     

单多普勒天气雷达反演降水粒子垂直速度Ⅱ：实例分析

垂直速度的反演一直是多普勒雷达风场反演的关键问题和难点,在对单多普勒雷达体积速度处理(VVP)法反演垂直速度进行敏感性分析和改进求解方程的基础上,对其反演三维风场和适用的风速条件做了模拟检验,并在强对流天气和台风实例中反演与验证。分析结果表明,改进的反演算法对径向风速的误差并不敏感,在高低仰角上的精度相同,观测误差越小或风速越大时,反演精度越高。对广州一次强对流过程的反演结果表明,改进的反演算法可以反演出对流单体中降水粒子垂直运动的变化。在中尺度气旋中,粒子垂直速度大值区的分布与气旋外围风切变的位置相符;在气旋的消散阶段下落速度增大,因而可通过粒子的垂直速度变化判断雨强的变化。对2006年超强台风"桑美"的反演结果显示,能够反演出台风中心的下沉气流以及外围交替出现的上升与下沉气流,在台风中心处下沉速度的大值区位于7-8 km高度,低层与高层的值相对较小。反演效果表明,改进后的反演方法较准确地反映了降水粒子的垂直运动,使多普勒雷达资料可揭示更多的三维风场细节,有助于改进强对流天气过程的风场结构分析和降雨落区的预测。     

组网雷达在暴雨过程低层水平风场反演试验初步研究

从实际应用考虑,略去基于组网雷达的两步变分法目标函数中与反射率因子有关的约束项。为验证简化后的两步变分法的风场反演能力及稳定性,设计了水平分辨率、垂直层数、垂直分辨率、反演区域以及反演中心等约束条件对水平风场反演结果影响的敏感性试验。通过对重庆地区的2次暴雨过程在3 km高度上的水平风场反演试验分析,发现简化后的两步变分法对暴雨过程低层水平风场的反演具有较高的可靠性,且各设计试验条件下的反演结果较稳定。具体表现为反演的水平风场能够反映出暴雨过程的中-β尺度流场结构特征,且2次过程在低层存在的中-β尺度强回波区与反演风场辐合区配置较好。     

用二步变分法反演的单多普勒雷达 风场研究中尺度暴雨

采用二步变分法反演多普勒雷达风场来研究中尺度暴雨过程.首先采用多元最优插值方法将常规探空资料插值生成初始风场,在此基础上在不考虑背景场约束以及三维风场平滑量约束的条件下极小化目标函数,反演出的三维风场作为最终反演所需的背景场,然后再进行反演得到最终的三维风场.将最终反演结果与WRF模式模拟的结果进行对比检验,两者的一致表明此方法具有一定的可用性,并用得出的结果分析了2005年6月发生在江苏中部的一次中尺度暴雨过程,初步揭示了强降水中心形成的原因,印证了采用二步变分法反演多普勒雷达风场可以揭示出中小尺度降水的特征.     

轴对称模型台风的改进方案及其对0425号台风数值模拟的效果

西北太平洋台风切向风廓线存在明显的差异,目前MM5中尺度数值模式NCAR-AFWA的模型台风（bogus）方案中仅使用了最大风速和最大风速半径两个参数,有时不能准确地描述台风的外围结构。通过引入十级风圈平均半径和七级风圈平均半径对NCAR-AFWA的bogus切向风廓线进行改进,然后对0425号台风“洛坦”的路径和强度进行模拟,结果发现：在台风bogus切向风廓线中同时引入十级风圈平均半径和七级风圈平均半径对台风路径和强度模拟均有改进,同时对台风大风范围的模拟也有改进。     

双台风生消过程涡旋能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像

重点研究“莫拉克”台风发展并登陆台湾,以及“天鹅”台风消亡阶段两者相互作用的问题。通过诊断分析发现“莫拉克”与“天鹅”移动过程存在双台风涡旋互旋、吸引与合并现象。采用双台风中心连线的垂直剖面移动坐标分析法可揭示出双台风涡度、风场三维结构,演变过程中双台风的涡度、动能强度呈反向变化关系,在双台风生消过程中,动能、位涡场分布存在显著“连体”通道特征。并揭示出双台风涡旋各自生、消过程水汽、动能可能存在的相互影响及其涡旋结构变化的内在关联。对“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”引发暴雨过程,采用Flexpart-WRF耦合模式模拟“质点群”轨迹,模拟结果再现了双台风生消阶段“天鹅”台风水汽“粒子群”向“莫拉克”低层气旋式输入通道,且在“莫拉克”涡旋高层反气旋式卷出的三维立体动态图像。通过剔除“天鹅”台风涡旋数值模拟试验进一步印证了“天鹅”台风趋于消弱过程其水汽、动能输送为“莫拉克”台风发展与维持做出了一定贡献。基于以上合成分析、轨迹和数值模拟技术综合分析提出了能揭示“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”发展过程能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像。     

同化多普勒雷达风资料的两种方法比较

以美国新近研发的天气研究预报模式(WRF)配置的三维变分同化系统WRF 3D-Var为平台,比较了两种不同的同化多普勒雷达径向风资料的方法。一种是WRF 3D-Var系统现有的径向风资料直接同化方法;另一种是首先用两步变分法由多普勒资料反演出水平风,再同化反演风场。针对2003年7月4~5日的一次淮河暴雨过程进行的同化试验结果表明,同化了雷达风资料后得到的水平风场包含了更多的中尺度特征;从降水预报评分和预报的雷达回波来看,两种方法都能够明显改进降水预报,这种正作用能维持6 h左右;相对而言,同化反演的水平风场的效果略优于直接同化雷达径向风的效果。     

基于MTCSWA风场资料对西北太平洋热带气旋风场结构的气候统计特征研究

基于多平台热带气旋表面风场资料（MTCSWA）,研究了2007～2016年6～11月西北太平洋上不同尺度热带气旋（TC）的气候统计特征,TC各级风圈半径在不同象限的变化特征、风场结构的对称度及二者与强度变化之间的相关性。利用7级风圈半径与TC近中心最大持续风速（MSW）来定义TC的尺度和强度。结果表明,西北太平洋上TC的平均尺度为221.9 km,其中小TC平均尺度为96.4 km,大TC平均尺度为346.4 km。大TC活动位置的空间分布较小TC更为集中,整体活动范围较小TC偏北。TC尺度的峰值出现在8月和10月。在TC的风场结构中,7级、10级、12级风圈的平均半径分别为221.9、121.0、77.4 km。TC风圈的对称度的统计结果表明7级风圈的对称度最低,12级风圈的对称度最高。相关分析表明,在TC的生命史中,各级风圈半径与其强度存在一定的正相关关系,其中12级风圈半径与强度的相关性最低;对于同一风圈而言,在TC的不同发展阶段中,不同象限的风圈半径与强度的相关性不同。在TC的风场结构中,风圈的对称度与TC强度的相关性随着风圈强度的增强而减弱,只有7级风圈的对称度在TC的整个生命周期中表现出与TC强度之间的弱的正相关关系。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.