西安区域自动站气候界限值订正及质量控制

基于天气学原理,探索不同高度区域自动气象站气候界限值的订正方法,在西安区域自动站质量控制软件中试运行,并对运行结果进行分析。结果表明:用相关系数法计算区域站的参考站符合大气变化规律,区域站要素界限值高度订正方法具有代表性,方法简单,易于操作;区域站温度传感器出现问题少,气压传感器故障较多。此方法为其他地方区域站实时质量控制提供参考。     

区域自动气象站质量控制参数值高度订正的方法

根据区域自动气象站质量控制方法,结合广西区域自动站分布特点和业务需要,对温度、气压、风要素的质量控制参数进行高度订正,经过比较,通过高度差订正后,各要素的质量控制参数更具有代表性。     

洛川国家基准气候站二次迁站观测数据对比评估

对洛川国家基准气候站(53942)第二次迁站后的3号站与第一次迁站后的2号站,2015—2016年气温、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速等观测资料进行差异对比评估,并对两次迁站前后3个站点的观测资料进行显著性T检验。结果表明:3号站与2号站平均气温差异不明显,3号站最高气温高于2号站,最低气温低于2号站,相对湿度差异变化在2%左右,2分钟平均风速3号站小于2号站,风向一致性较差,受地形影响明显。迁站前后3个站点温度、相对湿度资料序列可合并使用;本站气压、降水量仅1号站(第一次迁站前的旧站)与2号站的资料序列可合并使用,但经气压高度差订正后的本站气压3个站点资料序列可合并使用;2分钟平均风速资料不可合并使用。3个站点降水量的序列分析待3号站降水量资料完善及序列增加后再行评估。     

西岭雪山滑雪场秋冬旅游降雪预报研究

利用大邑、西岭雪山滑雪场及周边区域自动站2005～2017年每年10月～次年2月逐日最低温度资料，通过统计分析区域自动站与大邑站候平均最低温度差值，建立以大邑本站最低温度预报值为基础，加上逐候最低温度差值后得到区域各站的日最低温度预报的候最低温度差值订正方法；用距滑雪场最近的格点温度预报数据代替滑雪场站点温度预报，选出最低温度，以气温预报变化量，建立最低气温预报的模式温度订正方法；建立以候最低温度差值订正和模式温度订正进行加权平均的最低温度集成订正方法。通过对以上三种最低温度预报方法进行检验，发现最低温度集成订正方法预报准确率最高。基于最低温度集成订正方法预报西岭雪山滑雪场的最低温度，结合智能网格降水预报结果和降雪最低温度阈值判别，建立西岭雪山降雪的订正预报方法。      

苏皖地面自动站资料的质量控制及结果分析

利用江苏和安徽2012—2014年151个国家站及2 600个区域站资料,对各类自动站资料的质量及其控制方法进行初步探讨。采用缺测资料统计、气候界限值检查、气候极值检查、内部一致性检查、二次迭代的空间一致性检查、时间一致性检查、持续性检查及综合决策算法分别对国家站和区域站资料进行系统的质量控制,并根据质量控制结果进行可疑站点的标记。结果显示:国家站各要素资料缺测率远低于区域站,且资料质量总体上均明显优于区域站;自动站各要素中温、压要素的质量最好,其次是相对湿度;除了空间一致性检查中风场资料的检查结果差别不大外,其余检查中区域站资料的未通过率均远高于国家站资料;将错误资料及可疑站点信息进行及时反馈,能改善实时资料质量,并为相应测站的检修与维护提供依据。     

人工增雨效果评估中的面雨量计算分析

选取北京地区两次不同性质降水过程,分别对仅用气候站和并入自动气象站/雨量站的雨量资料,应用算术平均法和泰森多边形法对固定目标区进行面雨量计算分析.结果表明,泰森多边形法在不同性质降水过程面雨量计算中都表现出了一定优越性;并入自动气象站/雨量站的面雨量结果较仅用气候站资料所得结果更具代表性.在人工增雨效果评估中,可以尝试对由气候站计算的面雨量统计订正的办法,较精确地获得历史期目标区(包括控制区)面雨量实际值,这对提高人工增雨效果的评估精度具有重要实用价值.     

四川地区自动土壤水分站数据质量控制方法研究

本文利用各类人工、自动土壤水分资料,统计得到不同层次土壤水分各观测要素的气候极值和时变阈值,研发了适用于四川地区自动土壤水分资料的质量控制方法,具体包括站点参数信息检查、数据缺测检查、体积含水量界限值检查、气候极值检查、时间一致性检查(时变检查和持续性检查)。并对2014年21个自动土壤水分站218个S文件进行了检查测试,检查数据约500万个,质控结果显示,数据缺测约占总数据量的1.6%,超过气候极值数据约占总数据量9%,未通过时间一致性检查的数据约占0.5%,超出体积含水量界限值的数据约占0.3%。在所有疑误信息中,超过气候极值所占比例最大,土壤水分各要素历史气候极值有待进一步完善。      

基于偏最小二乘回归的区域模式风速预报订正技术研究

利用偏最小二乘回归技术,将预报产品作为自变量,相应的自动气象站观测资料作为因变量,对2013—2016年冬季浙江省中尺度区域模式预报近地面风速进行订正和评估。所选956站中多数站点风速订正后有所改善,通过定量分析可知浙江西部地区整体改善效果最好,其中效果明显站点占91. 7%;中部地区改善效果明显站点占86. 5%;东部沿海地区改善效果略差,明显改善的站点占67%。各地级市整体表现均不错,除舟山地区为49.9%外,其他地区风速改善比例均超过50%。选取2017年1月20日浙江东北地区沿海大风过程分析发现订正后的风速与观测风速更为接近,在定海大岛站点(靠里)中表现尤为明显,订正后的结果具有显著参考价值。     

基于偏最小二乘回归的区域换式风速预报订正技术研究

利用偏最小二乘回归技术,将预报产品作为自变量,相应的自动气象站观测资料作为因变量,对2013-2016年冬季浙江省中尺度区域模式预报近地面风速进行订正和评估。所选956站中多数站点风速订正后有所改善,通过定量分析可知浙江西部地区整体改善效果最好,其中效果明显站点占91.7%;中部地区改善效果明显站点占86.5%;东部沿海地区改善效果略差,明显改善的站点占67%。各地级市整体表现均不错,除舟山地区为49.9%外,其他地区风速改善比例均超过50%。选取2017年1月20日浙江东北地区沿海大风过程分析发现订正后的风速与观测风速更为接近,在定海大岛站点(靠里)中表现尤为明显,订正后的结果具有显著参考价值。     

电脑制作本站气压海平面气压简表

根据本人的摸索,在这里给大家介绍一种用BA－SIC语言制本站气压和海平面气压的简单方法。本程序使用非常方便,简单准确。几年来经在巴州气象台、轮台县气象局等台（站）局使用,效果明显,目前全州发报台站已推广使用。本程序根据《地面气象观测规范》的规定,计算出基层气象台站使用的本站气压简表和海平面气压佝表。设本站气压读数为r,测站纬度为qq,气压表器差为PP,技海高度为hh,附属温度为T。水银气压表读数三步订正值为：（l）仪器差订正：PI＝P＋PP;（2）重力差订正（C。）分纬度重力差与高度重力差两种。纬度重力差订正…     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.