ANALYSIS ON WAVELET POWER SPECTRUM OF WARM AND COLD EVENTS IN THE NI?O REGIONS

We statistically analyze the tropical typhoon forming in the South China Sea and use TC (Tropical Cyclone) for short in the following) by typhoon yearbook. The typhoon quantity is very different in different months and years. TC appears in all months except March, and the most TC quantity in a year is 11, the least is 1 and 6.2 on average. The most TC quantity in a month is 5 and the least is 0. TC lands most in August and no TC lands on Chinese continent from December to the following April. The primary landing area is between Shantou and Hainan Island. The sustaining period of TC is usually between 4 days to 7days, and the longest is 19 days. Only 15% of the TC forming in the South China Sea can intensify to typhoon, and they all form in the ocean area deeper than 150m. The South China Sea is the ocean area over which the TC occurs frequently.     

ANALYSIS ON WAVELET POWER SPECTRUM OF WARM AND COLD EVENTS IN THE NIO REGIONS

1 INTRODUCTION TC in the South China Sea has been researched much [1 – 5]. Are occurrence frequency, quantity, location and intensity related to water depth? This has not been farther researched. And we statistically analyze this problem. 2 FREQUENCY STATISTIC OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA The South China Sea is one of the ocean areas that the typhoon occurs frequently. The typhoons affecting the South China Sea can be divided to two sorts. One is…     

南海灾害性土台风统计分析

根据台风年鉴资料统计分析了南海热带气旋(指在南海海域生成的热带气旋、又称南海灾害性土台风、下面简称TC)，TC数量逐年逐月变化较大，除3月没有TC出现外，其余月份均有TC出现，年生成最多的TC为11个，最少的为1个，年平均6．2个，月生成最多的TC为5个，最少的为零个。TC登陆最多的是8月，12月至翌年4月没有TC登陆中国大陆，登陆范围主要在汕头至海南岛之间。TC的持久期一般均在4—7天，最长亦有19天。南海上生成的TC只有15％能够加强为台风，均集中在水深超过150米的海域。南海是TC发生频繁、数量较多的海域。     

基于双偏振雷达资料对南海弱台风降水微物理结构的分析

有些南海弱台风在登陆广东时,由于路径复杂、移动缓慢,会对广东地区造成较长时间和较大范围的风雨灾害。使用双偏振雷达对2018—2020年登陆广东的南海弱台风分析,发现南海弱台风在登陆前强降水区主要有两个:一个是位于海上的台风中心南侧眼墙的降水区,另外一个是在台风移动方向的右前方,台风螺旋雨带上岸的区域。在眼墙中,Z_H和K_DP的大值区在低层同位相,Z_DR大值区位于偏上风方向,降水粒子在移动的右侧开始激发,移动的右侧至右前侧为浓度较大的小粒子降水,而右侧和右后侧为大粒子降水。而且台风降水粒子在海洋和陆地有明显差异,陆地由于地形摩擦和抬升作用,降水粒子浓度较大,但水汽和能量供应不足,降水粒子直径较小;海面由于水汽和能量供应充足,对流发展较高,主要为大雨滴的对流降水,但降水粒子浓度不及陆地。      

Comparison between the Response of the Northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea to Typhoon Megi(2010)

The upper-ocean responses to Typhoon Megi(2010)are investigated using data from ARGO floats and the satellite TMI.The experiments are conducted using a three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model(POM)to assess the storm,which affected the Northwest Pacific Ocean(NWP)and the South China Sea(SCS).Results show that the upwelling and entrainment experiment together account for 93% of the SST anomalies,where typhoon-induced upwelling may cause strong ocean cooling.In addition,the anomalous SST cooling is stronger in the SCS than in the NWP.The most striking feature of the ocean response is the presence of a two-layer inertial wave in the SCS—a feature that is absent in the NWP.The near-inertial oscillations can be generated as typhoon wakes,which have maximum flow velocity in the surface mixed layer and may last for a few days,after the typhoon's passage.Along the typhoon tracks,the horizontal currents in the upper ocean show a series of alternating negative and positive anomalies emanating from the typhoon.     

2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨对比分析

应用多种常规观测资料、加密自动气象站资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨过程进行了对比分析。研究表明：“尤特”台风暴雨直接由台风环流引起,具有锋前暖区降水的特点;而“天兔”台风暴雨由台风低压倒槽与西风带天气系统相互作用引起的,其降水属于典型的锋面降水。“尤特”由东风带进入西风带,其与副高相对位置的变化是导致其登陆后路径北翘的主要原因。“尤特”低压环流与南海季风相互作用,充沛的水汽输送对台风低压环流的长时间维持以及湘东南暴雨的形成和发展起到了重要的组织和促进作用。而“天兔”登陆后南海季风位置偏南,不利于“天兔”的长时间维持以及向暴雨区的水汽输送。低层暖式切变线附近强辐合与高层强辐散耦合、低层强正涡度与高层负涡度的耦合为“尤特”台风暴雨的发生发展提供了动力条件。由中低层冷空气入侵导致的锋生强迫和高低空急流耦合形成的次级环流,加强了“天兔”低压倒槽内冷暖气流的辐合,是触发倒槽内中尺度对流发展和暴雨产生的重要动力机制。     

南海海域海-气耦合模式及其数值模拟试验

在ＮＣＡＲ区域气候模式ＲｅｇＧＭ２和普林斯顿海洋模式ＰＯＭ基础上发展适用于区域海－气相互作用研究的区域海－气耦合模式,模式采用同步耦合、海洋模式将海表温度提供给大气模式,大气模式为海洋模式提供太阳短波辐射、感热能量、潜热通量。海洋与大气模式每１５ｍｉｎ交换一次通量。耦合过程没有使用通量校正。使用该模式对中国南海区域１９９５年５－７月大气和海洋进行了模拟试验,将模拟结果与ＣＯＡＤＳ通量强迫的模拟结果     

海基观测资料在改进南海台风强度分析中的应用

探讨了一种利用海岛自动站、石油平台站、海洋气象浮标观测站、船载自动气象站等在内的海基观测资料来改进南海热带气旋强度分析的客观估计方案,并利用该方案对近几年（2013—2016年）出现在南海海域的18个热带气旋强度进行了分析。结果表明：该方案的估计误差与基于卫星遥感资料分析得到的结果水平相当,其估计效果与热带气旋的自身强度和有效样本数量有关,同时是否有观测样本位于热带气旋最大风速半径内也会影响估计的准确性。在传统基于卫星遥感资料对热带气旋强度主客观分析出现不一致时,利用海基观测来估计台风的强度可以作为一种补充方案来提高强度分析的可靠性。     

Upper ocean response of the South China Sea to Typhoon Krovanh (2003)

To quantitatively investigate the dynamic and thermal responses of the South China Sea (SCS) during and subsequent to the passage of a real typhoon, a three-dimensional, regional coupled air–sea model is developed to study the upper ocean response of the SCS to Typhoon Krovanh (2003). Owing to the scarcity of ocean observations, the three-dimensional numerical modeling with high resolution, as a powerful tool, offers a valuable opportunity to investigate how the air–sea process proceeds under such extreme conditions. The amplitude and distribution of the cold path produced by the coupled model compare reasonably well with the TRMM/TMI-derived data. The maximum SST cooling is 5.3 °C, about 80 km to the right of the typhoon track, which is consistent with the well-documented rightward bias in the SST response to typhoons. In correspondence to the SST cooling, the mixed layer depth exhibits an increase; the increases in the mixed layer depth on the right of typhoon track are significantly higher than those on the left, with maxima of 58 m. This correspondence indicates that the SST cooling is caused mainly by entrainment. Under the influence of typhoon, a cyclonic, near-surface current field is generated in the upper ocean layer, which moves with the typhoon. The typhoon-induced horizontal currents in the wake of the storm have strong near-inertial oscillation, which gradually propagates downward. The unique features of the SCS response to Typhoon Krovanh are also discussed, such as Kuroshio intrusion and coastal subsurface jets.     

西北太平洋与南海热带气旋活动季节变化的差异及可能原因

利用1945~2011年美国联合台风预警中心(JTWC)西北太平洋热带气旋资料,研究了南海(5°N~25°N,110°E~120°E)与西北太平洋(5°N~25°N,120°E~180°)热带气旋生成位置、生成频数、强度和持续时间的季节变化差异及其成因。从热带气旋路径穿越经度带频数的角度,探讨了ENSO对气旋活动年际变化的影响。结果表明,南海热带气旋活动显著地受季风调控。在南海冬季风作用下,1~4月热带气旋生成于10°N以南且频数较少、强度较弱,这主要是低层气旋式相对涡度和弱东风切变区偏南造成的。相反,受夏季风影响,6~9月是热带气旋生成最多、最频繁的季节,大都生成于南海北部17°N附近。在5月(10月)的季节转换期,生成位置大幅度北进(南撤)且生成频数显著增加(减少),取决于风速垂直切变及中层的相对湿度的急剧转变。11、12月两海域热带气旋生成于10°N以南主要归因于其上空中层大气相对湿度较北部偏大。在西北太平洋,热带气旋生成的季节变化没有南海显著,只在7月有一次明显的变化,7~10月是热带气旋活动的"盛期"。在强度上,西北太平洋大部分区域全年均为弱东风切变,因此热带气旋以台风为主且持续时间长;但南海多为热带风暴。ENSO事件使得不同季节热带气旋生成区域和气旋路径地理位置发生显著变化。在El Nio事件期间,穿越南海所在经度带路径频数为负距平,而西北太平洋经度带为正距平;在La Nia事件期间,情况相反。     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES WITH DIFFERENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS ON TYPHOON DUJUAN OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Daily and weekly sea surface temperature data of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System sensors are used as forcing of the underlying sea surface in the mesoscale numerical model to simulate Typhoon Dujuan that moved across the South China Sea in 2003. The numerical results show that different SSTs near the typhoon center result in differences in the atmospheric wind field, indicating that the model has a fast and obvious response to SSTs. Different SST influences the intensity and track of Dujuan to some degree and has significant impacts on its precipitation and latent heat flux near the eye. The SST influence on Dujuan is mainly fulfilled by changing the latent heat flux between the ocean surface and the atmosphere above.     

Influence of Tropical Cyclone Landfalls on Spatiotemporal Variations in Typhoon Season Rainfall over South China

This study examined the impact of tropical cyclone (TC) landfalls on the spatiotemporal variations in the rainfall over South China for the period 1957–2005. The target region was selected to show the noteworthy contribution of TC landfalls to the total rainfall during the typhoon season (July–October). Two prevailing spatial variations in the rainfall were obtained from an EOF analysis. The first EOF mode displays singlesign variability over South China with an explained variance of 23.4%. The associated t...     

A STUDY OF NUMERICAL MODELLING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The comparison analyses between two tropical depressions in the South China Sea are completed by numerical ex-periments with a limited area model developed in Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Oceanic Meteorology. One of thedepressions develops and finally becomes a typhoon within 24 hours of the analyzing period (defined as DVD hereafter),and the other not (defined as UNDVD) The analyses show that their initial structures of temperature, humidity, pres-sure. wind and stability are obviously different from each other. There are a very deep wet layer and a clear warm-coredstructure in the mid-lower troposphere in the depression area in the DVD case, but with the warm core in the upperrather than lower troposphere arid a very shallow wet layer in the lower troposphere in the depression area in theUNDVD case. The developing and non-developing processes are successfully simulated by the model, showing that theCISK mechanism plays the most important role in the development of SCSDs (Tropical Depressions in the South ChinaSea). Several numerical experiments show that the structures of humidity and temperature in the depression area haveimportant effect on the development of SCSDs. It is favourable to the development of SCSDs when a very deep wet layerexists in the mid-lower troposphere or a warm-cored structure exists in the mid-lower troposphere instead of in uppertroposphere, and conversely, it is unfavourable to the development of SCSDs when the wet layer is very shallow in thelower troposphere or the warm-cored structure is in the upper troposphere rather than in mid-lower troposphere. Thestructures of stability for each case are also analysed, which shows evident differences between the two cases, with adeeper instability layer in the DVD case and a shallower one in the UNDVD case. Finally, the sensitivity of the devel-opment of the SCSDs to the vertical structures of humidity and temperature in the depression area is discussed.     

亚洲夏季风爆发与热源强迫下的热带大气Rossby波

对南海夏季风爆发前的风场和局地对流凝结加热强迫作用进行了合成分析, 表明南海夏季风爆发前局地对流凝结加热作用对与南海夏季风爆发密切相关的低频涡对的产生起着重要作用.然后, 从动力学的角度研究了带有外部热源强迫的赤道β平面上的Rossby波, 利用Gardner-Morikawa变换和摄动展开方法, 得到了热源强迫下描写赤道Rossby的mKdV方程, 进而得到了不同热源形式下切变气流中赤道非线性Rossby波的解析解.结果表明, 不同类型的热源对赤道Rossby波的结构起着非常重要的作用, 同时也为南海夏季风爆发前低频涡对的形成给出了一种动力学解释.     

正确绘制科技论文中中国地图的南海诸岛附图

通过“中国知网”检索2012年发表的包含中国地图插图的论文,选择其中25种期刊40篇论文进行中国地图中南海诸岛附图表达形式的调查统计,探讨了此类附图的规范表达形式。结果表明：在40篇论文中,中国地图中南海诸岛附图出现了4种不同的表达形式;其规范表达形式为,南海诸岛作为附图在中国地图中出现,附图包含西沙群岛、南沙群岛等岛屿,中国地图中出现的物理量分布在附图中应以相同形式出现。     

南海台风边界层湍流小波分析

利用小波变换（WT）对香港天文台飞机观测台风“妮妲”（1604）资料进行分析,研究在不稳定、不均匀的台风边界层中湍流涡旋的垂直传输作用。在0.1~5 Hz惯性子区内横风和顺风分量功率谱密度能较好符合-5/3幂律。小波分析显示:横风的小波功率谱峰值集中在1 km之下,顺风分量的小波功率谱峰值集中在1~6 km之间;眼区动量通量的主要贡献尺度为2.3 km,眼区外主要贡献尺度在1~2 km,中低层为较小尺度（< 1.0 km）;湍流功能(TKE)的生成尺度主要集中在4 km之下。这项研究定量描述了南海北部台风边界层各个区域湍流结构的差异特征,讨论了对台风边界层通量参数化的可能影响。      

SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WARM POOL AND ITS RELATION TO THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET

The South China Sea warm pool interacts vigorously with the summer monsoon which is active in the region. However, there has not been a definition concerning the former warm pool which is as specific as that for the latter. The seasonal and inter-annual variability of the South China Sea warm pool and its relations to the South China Sea monsoon onset were analyzed using Levitus and NCEP/NCAR OISST data. The results show that, the seasonal variability of the South China Sea warm pool is obvious, which is weak in winter, develops rapidly in spring, becomes strong and extensive in summer and early autumn, and quickly decays from mid-autumn. The South China Sea warm pool is 55 m in thickness in the strongest period and its axis is oriented from southwest to northeast with the main section locating along the western offshore steep slope of northern Kalimantan-Palawan Island. For the warm pools in the South China Sea, west Pacific and Indian Ocean, the oscillation, which is within the same large scale air-sea coupling system, is periodic around 5 years. There are additional oscillations of about 2.5 years and simultaneous inter-annual variations for the latter two warm pools. The intensity of the South China Sea warm pool varies by a lag of about 5 months as compared to the west Pacific one. The result also indicates that the inter-annual variation of the intensity index is closely related with the onset time of the South China Sea monsoon. When the former is persistently warmer (colder) in preceding winter and spring, the monsoon in the South China Sea usually sets in on a later (earlier) date in early summer. The relation is associated with the activity of the high pressure over the sea in early summer. An oceanic background is given for the prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon, though the mechanism through which the warm pool and eventually the monsoon are affected remains unclear.     

1998年南海夏季风的爆发与大气季节内振荡的活动

利用NCEP再分析及TBB资料,系统地研究了1998年南海夏季风爆发与大气季节内振荡活动的关系,结果表明,1998年南海夏季风爆发与南海及其临近地区30～60天低频振荡的发展有着极为密切的关系。南海及临近地区30～60天低频纬向风及低频动能的时间-经（纬）度剖面明显地反映出该地区的大气季节内振荡的加强是由于其临近地区（菲律宾以东）30～60天低频气旋发展及其向西扩展的结果,与孟加拉湾地区低频气旋的活动关系不大;同时,我们也看到了夏季风爆发前后南海地区为850hPa低频动能的大值区,而200hPa上为一弱区,反映了1998年南海夏季风爆发期间该地区大气季节内振荡有上弱下强的垂直分布特征。进一步分析表明,南海及其临近地区大气季节内振荡的活动主要为局地振荡型,夏季风爆发后才有明显的向北传播,成为南海夏季风爆发影响东亚大气环流和天气的重要途径之一。另外,1980和1986年南海地区30～60天低频动能的发展特征与1998年的类似,说明了南海及其临近地区大气季节内振荡的局地振荡特征并不是1998年所特有的,它对南海夏季风爆发有普遍的重要作用。     

南海台风Vongfong(2002)登陆前后内核结构和近海加强原因的数值模拟研究

利用6 km细网格区域的显式模拟结果分析了Vongfong(2002)的内核结构;对Vongfong近海加强的动力学机制进行了研究.结果表明:(1) 轴对称性结构中,Vongfong最大风速半径(RMW)在强盛期随高度递减.Vongfong在近海时,低层最强的流入在其移行的前方,而流出区在其后方.这些特征与大西洋飓风和西太平洋台风相反.(2) 动力场和热力场都有明显的不对称结构.在强盛期,对流西北强、东南弱;强对流云带与最大风速区的位置一致.在加强期,低层西冷东暖、中高层西暖东冷;到强盛期,低层和中高层都有明显的暖心结构.(3) 中纬度中上层冷低压系统和台风的相互作用是Vongfong近海加强的重要原因.①由于冷低压系统外围的冷空气从西北侧进入台风的中层,低层有暖湿空气配合,使得位势不稳定能量增加,对流发展.②因为冷低压中心的下沉气流正是二级环流的下沉支,冷低压南移填塞,台风近海加强.两个方面最终通过CISK(第二类条件不稳定)机制来实现.     

南海台风状况下海气界面热量交换研究

根据国家海洋局南海分局的Marex(马瑞克斯)数据浮标观测资料、南海断面线 调查资料和西沙海洋站资料，计算了南海海气界面热量交换值。研究结果表明:不论是夏季还是秋季，在台风环流内海气界面热量交换均非常强烈，主要贡献来自潜热通量(Qv)，位于(20.49°N，114.14°E)附近海域。夏季台风环流内显热通量(Qk)出现负值，海面有效反射辐射(Qe)出现减弱现象；秋冬季节台风环流内Qk量值增加显著均为正值，Qe有加强的现象。分析实测资料发现:1961～1989年8次ElNino事件过程中，西沙海洋站水温比赤道太平洋水温提早出现增暖现象的有4次，水温推迟出现增暖现象的也是4次。西沙海洋站水温增暖出现在12月的仅有1次。ElNino事件发生后，南海水温异常增暖，但是海气界面热量交换反而减弱。