利用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式展开预报浙江省5—9月的汛期降水

车贝雪夫多项式是气象上常用的正交函数之一。应用车贝雪夫多项式推广到不规则格点的方法,我们将浙江省不规则测站上5—9月的汛期降水量进行了车贝雪夫多项式展开,然后,通过对车贝雪夫系数的预报,对浙江省5—9月汛期降水量的水平分布,进行了预报试验。     

用车贝雪夫多项式预报气象产量地理分布的试验

本文以辽宁省中北部地区玉米气象产量区域分布的预报为例,论述了车贝雪夫多项式在农业气象预报中的若干应用。作者用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式,以大气环流为候选预报因子,求得展开式系数依赖于4—6个因子的方程,并由此报出区域各县产量,绘出预报图,作试报检验。结果表明:车贝雪夫多项式可用于区域产量预报。最后讨论了此方法在农业气象预报其他领域(如发育期、病虫害预报)中的应用前景,指出车贝雪夫多项式用于生物学、地学预报中的意义。     

车贝雪夫多项式展开在春播期长期预报中的应用

一、前言张家诚、周家斌等人首先把车贝雪夫多项式展开引入气象要素场的研究工作。近年来,周家斌又把车贝雪夫多项式展开应用于天气分析和预报,尤其是把离散等距格点上的车贝雪夫多项式推广到不规则格点上展开,使其在气象上的应用更加广泛。对气象要素按车贝雪夫级数展开,可得到各种典型环流分量场在整个环流场中所占的比重、即权重系数。由于车贝雪夫级数收敛快、其展开标准场是固定的、不随时间变化又相互     

车贝雪夫多项式在MOS预报中的应用

模式输出统计预报是使用统计方法做要素预报,在统计过程中选用比较先进的分析方法和数学模型是至关重要的。周家斌同志将车贝雪夫多项式推到不规则格点上以后,大大开阔了车贝雪夫多项式的使用范围,它在MOS预报的制作中也有广泛的用途和很高的使用价值。 一、车贝雪夫多项式 为了本文叙述上的方便,先对车贝雪夫多项式作一简单介绍。 在XY平面上有距形网格点(XiYj)且     

不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式展开问题

以往国内外关于车贝雪夫多项式应用的研究,都只限于等距格点。本文将车贝雪夫多项式推广到不规则格点上。推广后的车贝雪夫多项式兼有三角函数、球函数、自然正交函数的优点,因而在气象学上有着更加广泛的用途。     

车贝雪夫多项式约简算法的研究

解释了车贝雪夫多项式化整计算通用算法中关于化整后的车贝雪夫多项式约简处理的技术原理,给出了一种可快速实现多项式约简处理的实用求算方法。     

不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式及其在天气分析和预报中的应用

车贝雪夫多项式是气象上常用的正交函数之一,气象要素场按车贝雪夫多项式的分解,如同其他正交分解一样,各分量之间是互不相关的,这样可独立地求出分解系数,利于分析各分量的影响,便于抓住主要特征。我国第一次用车贝雪夫多项式,研究气     

气象要素场水平分布的统计预报方法(一)——长江中下游地区降水分布的预报

本文提出一个应用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式预报长江中下游地区降水分布的统计预报方法。这一方法可以定量地报出降水分布,是对目前常用的单站预报方法的一个改进。     

用车贝雪夫多项式预报安徽省梅雨期逐日降水分布

本文应用不规则格点上的车贝雪夫多项式,预报安徽省梅雨期逐日降水分布。该方法可以定量地预报我省15个站点的降水分布,具有客观、定量的特点,是对目前常用的单站预报方法的一个改进。     

非矩形网格上的车贝雪夫展开与水稻产量区域分布预报

本文利用非矩形网格上的车贝雪夫展开,以大气环流因素作为预报因子,以车贝雪夫展开式系数ARs作为预报量,作水稻产量区域分布状况预报的试验。经趋势预报评分法检验表明,非矩形网格上的车贝雪夫展开可用于水稻产量区域预报。本文实例其平均历史拟合率和试报拟合率分别为87.1％和92.9％。     

THE OSCILLATION OF CERTAIN ZONAL MEAN CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION ON A SPHERIC EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE——PART 2:ANISOTROPIC QUASI-EDDY MOTION

This paper is an extension of the auther's works (1980,1982,1987).Simple anisotropic distribution of horizontal kinetic energy is assumed,i.e.,the zonal kinetic energy is twice that of the meridional kinetic energy.The large-scale atmospheric motion is considered as that consisting of quasi-horizontal eddies and regular flow.The techniques of quasi-eddy,quasi-steady,quasi-geostrophic and quasi-adiabatic approximations are used in order to get the analytical solutions of the system of equations governing the variation of the zonal mean characteristics.The results show that the zonal mean characteristics of the atmospheric motion are a combination of different periods ranging from a few days to a few weeks depending on the components of Chebyshev polynomials of the sine of the latitude.When more general anisotropy of horizontal kinetic energy is assumed,Gegenbauer polynomials appear instead of Chebyshev polynomials.When the distribution of horizontal kinetic energy is isotropic,the polynomials retrograde to Legendre polynomials.     

纬圈平均大气运动特征的振动

本文考虑高度非线性的大气中期运动是一种准涡旋运动,引用了准涡旋观点和方法来处理二维无辐散和三维运动方程,即在开始时保留涡旋项,而在对方程进行纬圈平均后,去掉一些涡旋项,得到了某些大气运动特征如西风指数、纬向动量和涡度的经向输送的纬圈平均值等的变化或摆动的振动方程,并求出谐波解。振动周期决定于经向动能二倍的纬圈平均值的平方根(v~2)~(1/2)。基本周期约二十天左右。 所得结果可能对极端复杂的大气运动总有出现中期振动的趋势和精致设计的圆盘模拟实验出现摆动的事实,提供某种程度的动力学解释,同时也可能对中期预报的实践提供一些依据。 本文的主要科学目的,是想指出对极端复杂的大气中期过程还是可能用线性理论来研究其某些特征的。     

正压过滤模式大气中的对称运动和非对称运动

把流函数分成对赤道对称和对赤道反对称的两部分,可以把正压涡度方程分离为描写大气对称运动和反对称运动的两个方程。根据它们,讨论了在全球范围内几种基本物理量,如涡度和绝对角动量等在对称和反对称情况的守恒性。还给出了这两类运动的能量收支方程和能量转换表达式。可以看出,在大气中不仅有纬圈平均动能和扰动动能之间的转换,也有对称运动产生的和反对称运动产生的动能之间的转换。 还在涡度方程中考虑地形和水平扩散的情形下,提出了大气非对称性质产生的机制。结果表明:非对称的地形分布和水平扩散系数的分布可能是导致非对称运动的原因。 最后,还对全球预报和半球预报,从物理观点作了理论比较。     

SYMMETRIC AND ASYMMETRIC MOTIONS IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By expressing the stream function in terms of the symmetric and the antisymmetric components with respect to the equator,the barotropic vorticity equation can be separated into two equations,one describing the behaviours of the atmospheric symmetric motion,and the other those of the atmospheric antisymmetric motion.From them,for the entire global surface at the equivalent barotropic level,the conservations of several basic quantities,such as vorticity,angular momentum etc.in the symmetric and antisymmetric cases,have been discussed.In addition,the energy budget equations and the energy conservation expressions for the two kinds of motion are given.It can be seen from them that there are not only the conversion between the zonal mean kinetic energy and the disturbed kinetic energy in the atmosphere,but also the conversion between the kinetic energy generated by the symmetric and antisymmetric motions.In the case of including orography and horizontal diffusion into the vorticity equation,a mechanism of the generation of asymmetric behaviours of the atmosphere is proposed.The results show that the asymmetric distribution of orography and that of horizontal diffusion coefficients are likely the causes leading to the asymmetric motion.Finally,a theoretical comparison between the global model and the hemispheric one from the physical point of view is made.     

THE EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE SUMMER ATMOS-PHERIC ENERGETICS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IN A LOW-RESOLUTION GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL

An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model. The numerical model is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full physical processes.Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S-11.53°S; 11.53°S-11.53°N; 11.53°N-46.24°N; 46.24°N-81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains, respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy of the zonal flow to eddy’s and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed.     

ANALYSIS ON THE SOURCE AND SINK OF KINETIC ENERGY OF ATMOSPHERIC 30-60 DAY PERIOD OSCILLATION AND THE PROBABLE CAUSES*

Based on ECMWF daily grid point data in summer(May-August),1981,the distribution features of the source and sink of kinetic energy of atmosphere 30-60 day oscillation,including its horizontal distribution characteristics and its vertical structure characteristics,are investigated systematically with diagnostic analysis methods over a latitude belt between 80°N and 60°S.Also,the probable reasons for the existence of the source and sink of low frequency kinetic energy(LFKE) are discussed preliminarily.Results show that the horizontal distribution of the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of atmospheric 30-60 day oscillation is extremely different.The significant sources and sinks of LFKE mainly exist in the oceans and the coastal regions of continents or islands in the mid-high latitudes.It is also found that,in the vertical direction,the sources and sinks of kinetic energy of 30-60 day oscillation display barotropic structure in the mid-high latitudes of both hemispheres,but dispaly baroclinic structure in the equtorial region,and in the horizontal direction,the sources and sinks mainly display zonal wave-like distribution.The source and sink of LFKE are determinded by ageostrophic wind effect,frictional effect,interaction between sub-grid-scale systems,nonlinear interaction,and the flux-divergence of LFKE transported by transient wind.There are some regional reasons for the generation of sources and sinks which are not completely identical in different areas.     

大气中动能的制造

大气中各种式样能量的平衡及相互转换是气象学中一个主要问题.过去的气象学者们大都是集中於研究能量的相互转换,在这方面Margules早在1905年就发表了他的经典著作,随後许多气象学者更进而计算了气旋、反气旋及台风等系统内各种能量的转换.至於动能的平衡及维持这种平衡的物理作用的讨论,最近才多了起来,其中Starr和黄士松深入地研究了大气中动能平衡的问题.     

地球斜压大气纬圈平均运动特征的振动

本文为自各向异性半涡旋观点研究大气纬圈平均运动特征的中期振动奠定基础。     

热带500百帕动能的基本特征与季节变化——南、北半球的比较

本文利用1980—1988年30°S—30°N的风场资料,计算了逐日的平均动能,涡动动能及相互转换和波数域动能;并分析了南、北半球热带对流层中层动能的演变特征,季节调整规律,指出了热带与中高纬动能的差异。      

Changes in the normal mode energetics of the general atmospheric circulation in a warmer climate

Changes in the normal mode energetics of the general atmospheric circulation are assessed for the northern winter season (DJF) in a warmer climate, using the outputs of four climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3. The energetics changes are characterized by significant increases in both the zonal mean and eddy components for the barotropic and the deeper baroclinic modes, whereas for the shallower baroclinic modes both the zonal mean and eddy components decrease. Significant increases are predominant in the large-scale eddies, both barotropic and baroclinic, while the opposite is found in eddies of smaller scales. While the generation rate of zonal mean available potential energy has globally increased in the barotropic component, leading to an overall strengthening in the barotropic energetics terms, it has decreased in the baroclinic component, leading to a general weakening in the baroclinic energetics counterpart. These global changes, which indicate a strengthening of the energetics in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), sustained by enhanced baroclinic eddies of large horizontal scales, and a weakening below, mostly driven by weaker baroclinic eddies of intermediate to small scales, appear together with an increased transfer rate of kinetic energy from the eddies to the zonal mean flow and a significant increase in the barotropic zonal mean kinetic energy. The conversion rates between available potential energy and kinetic energy, C, were further decomposed into the contributions by the rotational (Rossby) and divergent (gravity) components of the circulation field. The eddy component of C is due to the conversion of potential energy of the rotational adjusted mass field into kinetic energy by the work realized in the eddy divergent motion. The zonal mean component of C is accomplished by two terms which nearly cancel each other out. One is related to the Hadley cell and involves the divergent component of both wind and geopotential, while the other is associated to the Ferrel cell and incorporates the divergent wind with the rotationally adjusted mass field. Global magnitude increases were found in the zonal mean components of these two terms for the warmer climate, which could be the result of a strengthening and/or widening of both meridional cells. On the other hand, the results suggest a strengthening of these conversion rates in the UTLS and a weakening below, that is consistent with the rising of the tropopause in response to global warming.