广西2002年度气候特点及其影响评价

2002年度(2001年12月一2002年11月)，广西各地平均气温17．1—23．5℃，大部地区偏高0．3—1．2℃。年度降水量1035．0—2897．1mm，桂东大部偏多1—4成，桂西大部正常。日照时效1019—2323h，大部地区偏少10—412h。2002年度主要气候事件以春旱、暴雨洪涝、热带气旋、寒露风较为突出，年度内气候条件对各行业的影响有利有弊。     

1999年冬季我区气候影响评价

1　气候概况冬季气候特点 :继第 1 2个暖冬后 ,今年冬季 (1 999年 1 2月～ 2 0 0 0年 2月 )全区出现异常寒冷天气。气温普遍偏低 ,冷暖变化幅度大 ,降雪不断 ,使全区大部牧区白灾加重 ,畜牧业遭受极大损失。1 .1　气温冬季除呼盟局部、兴安盟大部、哲盟北部及中西部部分地区平均气温接近常年值或偏高 1℃外 ,其余大部地区比常年略低或偏低 1～ 2℃。1 2月份全区大部地区平均气温比历年同期偏高 1～ 3℃。 1月份全区大部平均气温较历年偏低 1～ 3℃ ,其中下旬伊盟、呼包二市、巴盟南部、锡盟南部气温偏低 5～ 1 0℃ ,是近几年内少有的。 2月…     

1994年气候影响评价

１９９４年度（１９９年１２月至１９９４年１１月），广西各地年平均气温１６．６～２３．２℃，与常年相比，桂林、柳州两地区大部、河池地区东部正常稍低，其余地区接近常年值或偏高０．５℃；年降水量１１８０～３６００毫米、大部地区比常年偏多１～５成；年日照时数，桂南大部及右江河谷、梧州地区南部为１５００～１９６０小时，其余为１０００～１５００小时，各地比常年偏少１２０～３９０小时。主要气候事件，以全区性暴雨洪涝灾害最为突出；其次是全区性春播期低温阴雨天气，而干旱、冰雹、雷雨大风等影响较轻。气候条件对工农业生产的影响弊多利少，属一般偏差年份。     

广西2000年度气候特点及其影响评价

20 0 0年度 (1999年 12月 - 2 0 0 0年 11月 )平均气温 16 .3～ 2 3.0℃ ,大部地区接近常年 ,全区平均 2 0 .4℃ ,与常年持平。年降水量 730～ 2 5 41mm,北部正常 ,南部偏少 1～ 3成 ,全区平均 136 0 mm,比常年偏少 1成。年日照时数 1118～ 2 194h,大部地区偏少 5 0～ 2 0 0 h,全区平均 15 40 h,比常年偏少 6 6 h。主要气候事件及其影响以冬季大范围严重霜 (冰 )冻灾害最为突出 ,其次是夏秋连旱伴高温。     

1999年秋季我区气候影响评价

1　气候概况今年秋季 (9～ 11月 )气候特点 :全区平均气温除东部偏北区略偏低外 ,其余大部地区均偏高。降水前期西多东少 ,后期东多西少。秋霜冻大部农区偏早 ,局部偏晚 ,日照充足。1.1　气温全区大部地区季内平均气温除呼盟中北部较历年同期略偏低外 ,其余地区均较历年偏高 1℃。9月份平均气温呼盟西部较常年偏低 1℃ ,其它地区偏高 1～ 3℃。 10月份只有阿盟比历年同期偏高 1℃ ,呼盟、兴安盟大部、锡盟乌拉盖偏低 1℃ ,其余地区接近常年值。 11月份平均气温呼盟中部及阿盟局部比历年同期偏低 1℃ ,其余大部地区比历年同期偏高 1～ 2℃。1…     

夏季气候影响评价

今年夏季，北疆大部地区气温接近常年或略偏高。南疆大部气温偏低或正常略低。降水，北疆分布不均，南疆大部偏多。夏季天气过程偏多，洪水、冰雹、大风等灾害性夭气频发，特别是7月中旬的特大暴雨造成我区6地州市历史罕见的洪灾，给工农业生产及交通运输造成严重影响。1气候概况1．l气温门）季平均气温：北疆大部地区气温接近常年或略偏高。d匕Md匕部为17～22℃，西部和沿天山一带为21～24℃，大部地区比常年同期偏高O．5℃左右。南疆大部地区为ZI～3O℃，较常年同期偏低O．5～卫℃，喀什、若羌较常年同期偏低1．5～2℃。（2）月平均气…     

冬季气候影响评价

冬季（1996年12月～1997年2月）新疆大部地区气温偏高，北疆12月下旬出现异常回暖现象。降水北疆大部偏多，南疆大部偏少。北疆北部积雪异常偏厚。雪灾危害突出，牧业生产出现严重困难。1气候概况气温：季平均气温，北疆地区为－10．0℃；南疆地区为－3．9℃。与常年同期相比较，北疆偏高2℃；南疆偏高1－7℃。各地季平均气温，全疆除喀什、和田异常值高，石河子正常外，其它大部地区偏高。冬季气温除2月上旬偏低外，其它时间气温偏高，12月下旬的异常回暖气候是新疆有史以来罕见的。各月乎均气温，12月气温旬际变化大。上旬北疆大部偏低4～…     

2002年度河南省气候对主要农作物生长的影响

1 2002年度天气气候概述 2001年秋季(9～11月),降水量30～101 mm,较常年同期偏少9～60 mm,仅在10月下旬出现较大范围的降水天气过程;热量条件适宜,日照时数269～350.6 h,大部地市较常年偏少.     

2005年度新疆畜牧业生产气象条件评述

2005年度(2004年12月—2005年11月)气象条件对牧区的牲畜越冬度春、春季产羔育幼和北疆部分地区牧草生长不利,而对延长夏草场的利用时间及秋季牧业转场、牲畜饲草料储备有利。1气象条件分析1.1冬季(2004年12月—2005年2月)气候概况气温:2004年12月全疆大部地区气温偏高0.1～4.1℃;2005年1月北疆伊犁地区及南疆大部气温偏高,全疆其余大部地区气温偏低;2月全疆气温偏低,且上、中旬明显偏低,而下旬升温较快,旬平均气温较常年明显偏高。冬季平均气温:富蕴、青河分别为-20.2￣-21.3℃,霍城、伊宁市、新源为-7.3～-5.6℃,北疆其余地区为-19.2～-10…     

气候变暖对我国社会经济的影响

全球气候变暖目前已经成为人类越来越关注的社会问题。气象观测结果表明，2007年2月，中亚和东亚、欧洲大部、白令海峡及其附近地区、阿尔及利亚和澳大利亚大部气温明显偏高2℃以上，其中东亚部分地区和白令海峡附近地区显著偏高4℃～9℃。2006年冬季，我国大部地区气温较常年同期（-4．3℃）偏高1．9℃，为历史同期第二高值，其中黑龙江、吉林的部分地区偏高达4℃～6℃，     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on