陕西省森林植被碳储量时空动态变化

基于陕西省第1次至第7次森林资源清查资料,采用IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)推荐的碳储量计算方法,研究陕西省近30年森林碳储量、碳密度的时空变化特征,结果表明:近30年陕西省森林碳储量显著增加,由1987年1.21×10~8 t增加到2014年2.38×10~8 t,净增1.17×10~8 t;森林碳储量具有明显的地带性分布特点,呈现出陕南秦巴山地高,陕北高原和关中平原低的特征;森林碳储量主要分布在秦巴山林区、关山林区、黄龙山林区和桥山林区,其中汉中森林碳储量最大,其次为延安,榆林最小。各地区的森林碳储量均呈现逐渐增加趋势。     

内蒙古大兴安岭森林火险季节动态及其气候条件分析

森林火险季节是火环境中的一个重要因子,对于森林防火实际工作具有十分重要的意义。利用大兴安岭林区近 ３０ 年的林火资料和临近火点的气象资料,分析了该地区森林火险季节的时空分布规律及其气象条件。结果表明,该地区多年平均森林火险季节长度较长且近几年呈增长趋势;南北林区火险季节指标差异明显,南部林区比北部林区进入火险季节的时间早而结束晚;森林火险季节长度与全年无雪日数关系密切,而起止日期与春秋季日平均气温为－ ５℃的日期相符合。     

大兴安岭闪电时空分布特征分析

利用大兴安岭林区2005—2006年闪电定位系统监测资料,分析了该地区地闪的月变化、日变化、闪电密度的时空分布特征。结果表明:大兴安岭林区闪电的月变化呈单峰分布,6—8月是闪电多发期;日变化呈双峰分布,夏季14时和19时是该地区强对流天气最易发展成熟的时段;莫尔道嘎林区是闪电频发的中心地带。从雷击火发生的时空分布得出北部原始林区是雷击火多发区域。     

中高纬林区气候资源有效利用与可持续发展的研究

中高纬林区具有得天独厚的气候资源，在兼顾环境保护、生态平衡、结构调整和绿色产业等方面的同时，提出了大兴安岭地区应以“天然林保护工程＋冷凉型农业＋生态旅游”综合型产业为主，以北药、山野产品为辅的可持续发展建议。     

承德北部空气负氧离子浓度特征及预报模型

为提升生态康养气象服务能力,探讨空气负氧离子浓度与气象环境关系,利用承德北部丰宁县2020年—2022年5月两个空气负氧离子站监测资料,以及同期的气象环境数据,统计分析了负氧离子浓度时间变化特征、与气象环境要素的变化关系及关键影响因素,建立了负氧离子浓度的气象预测模型。结果表明:丰宁城市公园、林区负氧离子浓度年均值分别为1358.7个/cm3、1955.8个/cm3,最大值分别为3867个/cm3、5845个/cm3,具有治疗和康复功效的自然环境条件;林区的负氧离子浓度明显高于城市公园,城市公园和林区负氧离子浓度月变化均呈“单峰”型分布,峰值分别出现在7月、8月,最小值均出现在1月;林区、城市公园负氧离子浓度日变化夜间大于白天,年内及春夏秋冬四季内的日变化呈“双峰”型分布,峰值分别出现在日出以前及日落以后,最小值出现在午后;城市公园、林区负氧离子浓度与气温、降水量、相对湿度、风速、日照及PM2.5、O3浓度的变化有关,影响负氧离子浓度的最关键的气象、环境要素为相对湿度、PM2.5,城市公园受气象、环境影响更大;利用多元回归方法,分别建立了城市公园和林区的负氧离子浓度气象预报模型,经检验,两个模型的预报准确率分别为77.6%、74.9%,拟合效果良好,可为森林康养及健康生活提供气象服务。     

浙江省空气负离子浓度分布特征

利用2016年浙江省53个站的负氧离子监测结果,制定了负氧离子数据质量控制方法,从年均值、最大值、日最大最小值、各等级浓度占比、清新度等多个指标评价了负氧离子资源,全面分析了全省负氧离子时空分布特征及地区差异。结果表明:浙南和浙西山区空气负氧离子含量高、浙北平原含量相对较低。浙江省负氧离子浓度具有明显日、月变化特征,午后(13:00—16:00)浓度低,夜间和早晨(22:00—07:00)浓度高;4—9月浓度高,冬季浓度低,高山林区站的月变化最显著。高山林区负氧离子浓度基本保持在"清新"级别;浅山景区站"清新"、"一般"、"不清新"级别各约1/3;平原公园站的"不清新"级别占到一半。高山林区的"清新"空气日平均小时数多在20h以上,"非常清新"空气也多在16h以上。在浅山和平原地区的风景区、林区、水体型公园等,"清新"空气时间也在10h以上。     

大兴安岭寒温带湿地生态系统功能和作用及保护对策

1引言 大兴安岭地区为我国仅有的一块寒温带原始森林资源分布区，也是我国最大的森林沼泽分布区，是我国寒温带沼泽发育较为典型，类型较为齐全的地区。同时，森林湿地是代表区域景观特色的生态系统之一，它与森林一起构成了东北地区独特的冷湿自然景观，由于其具有的多种生态学功能，而成为大兴安岭林区生态屏障之一，在区域生态平衡中起着举足轻重的作用。     

贵州省森林火险天气等级预报研究

我省森林资源丰富，分布广泛。林业面积达12447万亩，占全省总面积的47．1％。由于农业生产水平较低，林区老百姓又有烧荒积肥的习惯，在着冬干燥天气极易发生森林火灾。据我省森林防火指挥部门提供的10年（1982～1991）的部分林火资料统计，平均每年发生火灾5次以上，毁林数万亩．因此及时提供准确的森休火险天气等级预报是我省一项重要的专业气象服务。该项工作全国主要的林区省份都已开展，这些省份都根据各自的林区特点及天气条件建立了自己的预报服务方法。我省在这方面做的工作较少，主要引进云南的方法以干燥程度来定火险等级，没有…     

内蒙古大兴安岭林区雷击火时空分布特征

利用多年雷击火资料,从多个时间尺度和空间分布区域分析了内蒙古大兴安岭林区雷击火的时空分布特征。结果表明:内蒙古大兴安岭林区以一般火灾和火警为主,重大火灾以上的火险发生概率较低,仅为9%;20世纪90年代后,雷击火发生次数有增多的趋势,主要集中发生在5—7月份,出现时间为5月12日到7月16日,并多发生在每日上午10点到下午17点期间;在空间分布上,多出现在51°N以北、海拔800m以上山脉的腹地或山顶的落叶松—偃松林、樟子松—偃松林内地区。     

气候与苗木防寒

通过实地调查及对气象因子和土壤湿度分析，找出了东京城林区苗圃入冬前因遭受冻害、风害而使苗木大面积死亡的原因，从而为林区育苗生产、苗木防寒提供了科学依据。     

森林采伐对五营气候的影响

利用五营区森林未开采期1958～1967年的10a与开采后1994～2003年的10a气象资料,1971～1980年森林内（原始林）与森林外（本站）气象资料和1957～2005年五营区汤旺河年最高水位变化情况进行对比分析,得出了森林采伐对五营林区生态环境的影响。     

Development of the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

ABSTRACT The lAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （IAP-DGVM） has been developed to simulate the distribution and structure of global vegetation within the framework of Earth System Models. It incorporates our group＇s recent developments of major model components such as the shrub sub-model, establishment and competition parameterization schemes, and a process-based fire parameterization of intermediate complexity. The model has 12 plant functional types, including seven tree, two shrub, and three grass types, plus bare soil. Different PFTs are allowed to coexist within a grid cell, and their state variables are updated by various governing equations describing vegetation processes from fine-scale biogeophysics and biogeochemistry, to individual and population dynamics, to large-scale biogeography. Environmental disturbance due to fire not only affects regional vegetation competition, but also influences atmospheric chemistry and aerosol emissions. Simulations under observed atmospheric conditions showed that the model can correctly reproduce the global distribution of trees, shrubs, grasses, and bare soil. The simulated global dominant vegetation types reproduce the transition from forest to grassland （savanna） in the tropical region, and from forest to shrubland in the boreal region, but overestimate the region of temperate forest.     

甘肃省林草研究和业务进展综述

从历史时期森林变迁,林业与气候、经济林果适宜种植区、草场与气候、卫星遥感技术应用和森林防火服务方面综合了甘肃省关于林草科学研究和业务的进展,可供西北大开发参考。     

西北中部半干旱区兴隆山森林岛降水机理的数值模拟

通过WRF V2.1.2模式数值模拟试验并结合长期观测数据,研究了中国西北半干旱区长期存在和维持的森林山区(兴隆山区,103.84°E、35.86°N)的降水特征及其与周边地区的降水差异,并探讨了造成这种差异的主要原因。结果表明,兴隆山区与周边地区的降水差异主要表现在夏、秋季。在夏、秋季兴隆山区受东南湿润气流的影响,获得较多的水汽输入和较稳定的水汽来源,而山地地形则有利于截留东南气流携带的水汽并形成降水;兴隆山区及其周边地区局地的蒸散差异对二者之间降水差异的贡献不大。另外,兴隆山区土壤堆积覆盖的石质山构造和森林下垫面也有利于降水的截留和贮存以及植被的生长。因此,有利于水汽输入的大尺度环流形势、地形对空中水汽的截留以及特殊的地质因素是兴隆山山区孤立森林岛在半干旱区长期存在和维持的原因。     

Assessment of rates of deforestation classes in the Paraguayan Chaco (Great South American Chaco) with comments on the vulnerability of forests fragments to climate change

A large portion of the Occidental Region of Paraguay consists of a semi-arid territory with vegetation adapted to the features of this region. For just over a decade, a process of intense deforestation has resulted from the expansion of mechanized farming, carried out without any form of land management or planning; this has led to the fragmentation of the forests in this region. This study has taken satellite imagery from 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2007 with the purpose of determining the average size of the fragments and the rate of forest discontinuity; the results of this multi-temporal imagery analysis show that (a) in some areas of the Central Chaco, the forest matrix was transformed principally into cropped areas; (b) the majority of the fragments are isolated from one other; and (c) the areas mostly covered by forests are in the north-northeastern and northwestern areas and this is mainly as a result of a greater concentration of protected areas. In conclusion, the vulnerability of the vegetation formations increases with the fragmentation process, to which we should add an increased frequency of fires, a reduced resilience and homeostasis of the vegetation formations; thus these are highly exposed to climate change factors. It is imperative that the forest landscapes be restored, through the implementation biological corridors, to ensure the continuity of the remaining forests.     

Predicting Effects of Temperature Increase on the Water Balance of Beech Forest – An Application of the ‘KAUSHA’ Model

The water balance model KAUSHA (Halldin, 1989) was applied to a 100-year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest in northern Germany. Overall, a satisfying agreement between modelled evapotranspiration values and independent micrometeorological measurements (Bowen ratio energy balance method) could be observed, although for rainy days KAUSHA showed a tendency to overestimate evapotranspiration. The model was used to predict the effects of a climate warming on the water budgets of the forest. It is shown that a temperature increase of 2°C due to a rising CO₂ content of the atmosphere will not change the yearly totals of evapotranspiration significantly, but could have serious effects on the soil water balance during the vegetation period. Because under climate change conditions a higher amount of the available soil water has already been evaporated in winter and spring, soil water content will limit the transpiration of the trees from July to September much more strongly. Therefore, the yield of beech forest might also suffer from drought effects. It can be concluded that a better knowledge of the seasonal distribution of rainfall under climate change conditions is indispensable for predicting effects of rising temperatures and CO₂ concentrations on ecosystems.     

Evidence of pressure-forced turbulent flow in a forest

Lagged cross-correlation analyses between streamwise velocity at several heights within and above a forest, and between streamwise velocity and surface pressure, provide evidence that turbulence in the sub-crown region of the forest is to a large extent driven by pressure perturbations. The analyses support earlier results based on examination of coherent structures observed in the same forest. The phase of the streamwise velocity signal exhibits an increasing delay with decreasing height, indicative of a downwind tilted structure, until the upper region of the forest is reached, at which point the effect is reversed. It is suggested that positive pressure perturbations ahead of advancing microfronts induce streamwise accelerations in the trunk space. This link between the pressure pattern and the wind field explains why velocity spectra in the trunk space are depleted in the higher frequencies, relative to levels above.     

生态环境变化夺雾的影响

西双版纳地区是的著名的热带雨林多雾区,但７０年代末以来,雾日明显减少,德层明显减弱。１９９７年１１月２３－３０日,实施了一项雾的外场试验计划,本文利用景洪（生态环境变化较大）和勐养９生态环境变化不大）的宏、微观观测资料,对比分析了雾的宏、微观结构和物理过程,并结合气候资料,讨论了生态环境变化对雾的影响。     

大兴安岭气候干湿变化及对森林火灾的影响

明确气候变化背景下大兴安岭林区气候干湿状况特征,揭示其对森林火灾的影响,可为该区域森林火灾管理和森林资源保护提供科学依据。基于大兴安岭林区1974—2016年标准化降水指数（SPI）,采用统计分析和对比分析方法,系统研究不同干湿情景对森林火灾发生次数及过火面积的影响,并讨论不同等级干旱对其影响的异同性。结果表明:1974—2016年,年、季尺度上大兴安岭林区气候均呈湿润化趋势。森林火灾发生次数多（少）和过火面积大（小）与气候的干湿状况（等级）基本一致,但森林火灾的发生次数与气候干湿状况相关更为密切。年尺度上,SPI与火灾次数呈负相关,与过火面积的自然对数则呈较弱的负相关;季尺度上,各季节SPI与对应的林火次数和过火面积自然对数均呈显著的负相关,但与过火面积的相关程度差异较大,以春季相关最为显著,秋季次之,夏季则相对较弱;不同季节SPI与年林火次数和过火面积自然对数呈负相关,前一年冬季SPI对当年火灾次数的贡献最大。可见,气候干湿状况对森林火灾的影响存在明显的滞后效应。SPI不仅能较好地反映区域气候的干湿状况,亦能较好地指示森林火灾发生的可能性及发生火灾的过火面积的相对变化情况,可为森林火灾预测和管理提供科学依据。     

The natural aerosol over Northern Europe and its relation to anthropogenic emissions—implications of important climate feedbacks

We use a recently developed parametrization to estimate the regional particle field in the summer time troposphere over Scandinavia that would result if the forest were the only source of particles. The calculated field is compared with available observational data. It is concluded that the needle leaf forest above 58°N alone is capable of producing aerosol mass concentrations corresponding to 12–50% of today's values in the boundary layer over Scandinavia. We also demonstrate that the forest itself could produce up to 200 CCN per cubic centimetre on average over Scandinavia and further show that an increase in temperature by 5.8 °C compared to today's average temperature could increase this CCN population by 40%. The study shows that we are able to approximate the natural aerosol field resulting from biogenic emissions over the boreal forest in the northern hemispheric region. This information provide an important contribution in the evaluation of the climate effect caused by anthropogenic emissions of particles over the forest and also opens the possibility to better address the climate feedbacks believed to be associated with the boreal region.