1995年广东省强对流天气特点分析

1概况1995年是广东省强对流天气灾害较严重的一年，3月15日至8月13日，全省共有13个强对流日（未包括强降水），先后有57个站次出现雷雨大风、冰雹、龙卷风等强对流天气。强对流天气的影响遍及全省各地，尤以珠江三角洲地区为甚。据统计，1995年广东省受强对流天气袭击，共损坏房屋72200多间，倒塌2390多间，造成526人受伤，35人死亡，直接经济损失9．8亿多元。2几次主主的强对流天气过程2．1首次大范围的强对流天气过程3月15日，由于受锋面低槽影响，本省北部的阳山、乳源、连山等地降了冰雹，五大的冰雹直径达到12毫米，这是本年度广东省…     

鲁中地区强对流天气的气候特征及相关环境参数特征分析

利用鲁中地区2001—2016年伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的所有强对流天气个例共106次进行分析,总结其气候特征,并通过箱须图的形式研究了分类强对流天气相关环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。结果表明：2001—2016年强对流天气分布呈山区多、平原少、中部多、北部和西南部少的特点;6月和6月中旬是主要月份和旬份;地面辐合线是最主要触发机制类型;雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的地面和850 hPa的平均温度露点差,0～1 km和0～3 km垂直风切变,SWEAT指数、LI指数、K指数、风暴相对螺旋度、高度指数等环境参数各有不同的最低阈值;鲁中地区易发生强对流天气的0 ℃层高度为4.1 km左右;对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,其融化层高度比0 ℃层高度低0.6 km左右。根据以上环境参数的分布特征、高低空垂直风切变的强弱变化可对3类强对流天气进行一定程度的区分。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程，从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手，剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征，分析表明：四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生，冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65 dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征.VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系.     

1996年广东省的强对流天气特点分析

1概况1996年广东省的强对流天气季节自3月16日开始至9月14日结束，历时近6个月，全省先后有110个站次出现雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气（根据各地气象台站的正规WS报资料），比1995年的57个站次约增加了一倍。本文所统计的强对流天气是指2～9月份雷达开机联防探测期间，省内各测站观测到冰雹、龙卷风或）17m／s的雷雨大风（实际上，其它月份也未曾出现过上述天气）。21996年几次主要的强对流天气过程2．1灾情最严重的一次强对流天气过程4月18～19日，在锋面低槽的影响下，广东省西南部和珠江三角洲等地区，遭受了一次严重强对流天气的袭击，…     

基于雷达产品和随机森林算法的冰雹天气分类识别及预报

冰雹是一种致灾性较强的强对流天气,但在气象业务工作中对其进行快捷、准确的预警和预报仍有一定的难度。本文基于C波段雷达回波资料,构建并应用随机森林模型对冰雹及其伴随强对流天气进行了分类识别及预报。结果发现,随机森林模型对训练集(2008-2017年)中四类冰雹天气(冰雹、冰雹大风、冰雹短强、冰雹大风短强)的平均命中率(Probability of Detection,POD)为90.2%,平均空报比率(False Alarm Ratio,FAR)为11.1%。对于2018-2019年的独立样本测试集,模型的平均POD和FAR则分别为72.8%和34.7%。因此,本文构建的随机森林模型较为理想。应用模型和风暴单体识别与跟踪产品(Strom Cell Identification and Tracking,SCIT)对未来15～60 min的强对流天气进行预报,结果表明四类冰雹天气的平均POD为74.8%,平均临界成功指数为60.8%,平均FAR为24.4%。因此,利用C波段雷达产品,随机森林模型能高效、自动化且较为准确地分类预警、预报冰雹及其伴随强对流天气,可应用于天气预报业务工作。     

吉林省强对流天气的时空分布特征分析

运用1971-2010年的短时暴雨、雷雨大风天气资料,1960-2010年的冰雹天气资料,统计分析了吉林省强对流天气的时间、地域分布特征,结果表明:吉林省强对流天气多在春、夏季出现,并多集中在午后13-19时,其中短时暴雨和雷雨大风出现在平原的次数大于山区,而冰雹在山区出现平均次数大于平原地区。     

江西局地强对流天气的多普勒天气雷达产品特征

利用江西省2002--2007年局地强对流天气过程的多普勒天气雷达产品资料,通过统计分析多普勒天气雷达最大反射率因子、垂直积分液态含水量及其密度、三体散射和中气旋等产品特征,对江西省突发性局地强对流天气的临近预报预警进行研究。结果认为,江西突发性局地强对流天气主要出现在春季和夏季,夏季突发性局地强对流风暴的伸展高度普遍比春季高。最大反射率因子≥55dBz可以作为局地强对流天气预警的临界指标,≥60dBz可以作为局地冰雹预警的临界指标;VIL密度≥2．8g/m^3可以作为局地强对流天气预警的临界指标,≥3．2g/m^3可以作为局地冰雹预警的临界指标,≥4．0g/m^3可以作为较大冰雹预警的临界指标。三体散射是大冰雹的有效判据。风暴内出现中气旋特征,应立即发布强对流天气预警。很多突发性局地强风暴不一定会出现中气旋特征报警,在这种情况下应通过分析径向速度产品来判断中气旋特征。     

1990年第一季度广西天气概述

本季主要天气气候特点是：光照少，雨日多，雨量充沛，冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气活动频繁。     

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China

The pH variation and chemical characteristics of rainwater were investigated from January 2006 to December 2006 at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China. The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.49, which ranged from 3.52 to 6.28. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > NH₄⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃⁻ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > F⁻, indicating that SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺, were the main cations. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ were major neutralization constituents of the precipitation. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis method were performed to identify possible common sources of major ions. Sources of the major ions were assessed based on enrichment factor method.     

A new criterion of relative homogeneity of climatological series

Summary When investigating, as a random sample, a series of differences between rather relatively homogeneous series of annual temperatures at two places, about 70 miles distant from one another it can be shown that the frequency distribution of the differences can be approximated by a normal distribution.Conversely, a normal distribution of the elements of the series of differences can be taken as a new criterion for the relative homogeneity of two series of average temperatures. This conclusion is verified by the agreement between other criteria for relative homogeneity and the new one.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Differenzen zweier synchroner Reihen von Jahrestemperaturen wurde untersucht. Sie stammten von zwei zirka 110 km voneinander entfernten Orten in einem einheitlichen (kohärenten) Klimagebiet der Atlantischen Küste der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung zeigt eine ausgesprochen negative Schiefe (Abb. 1). Kritische Durchsicht der Differenzenreihe, wie sieJ. v. Hann empfiehlt, zeigte außer einigen mehr oder minder vielleicht unbedeutenden Inhomogenitäten zwei Perioden, die durch scharfe (entgegengesetzte) Diskontinuitäten von der übrigen Reihe abgetrennt erschienen. Die aufgezeigten Sprünge ließen sich im nachhinein durch in der Stationsgeschichte angeführte Aufstellungsänderungen der Instrumente erklären. Die Ausschaltung dieser gestörten Perioden reduzierte die 100jährige auf eine 85jährige Differenzreihe. Die von der letzteren abgeleitete Häufigkeitsverteilung ließ sich in zureichender Weise (Abb. 2) durch eine Gaußsche Kurve approximieren.Die vom Autor zur Prüfung relativer Homogenität verwendeten Kriterien (Abbe, Helmert, Met. Z. S. 1925, p. 482) ergaben das Resultat: nichthomogen im Falle der 100jährigen, und annähernd homogen für die 85jährige Reihe. Dieses Resultat führte zu der Annahme, daß das Problem umkehrbar wäre: wenn die Differenzenreihe sich durch eine Gaußsche Kurve annähernd darstellen läßt, können die ursprünglichen Temperaturreihen als relativ homogen angesehen werden. Weitere mathematisch-statistische Untersuchungen in dieser Richtung wären zu begrüßen, besonders wenn auch Quotientenreihen (Niederschlag) einbezogen würden.

---

Résumé En étudiant une série de différences dérivées des séries plus ou moins relativement homogènes de températures annuelles à deux endroits l'un de l'autre à peu près 110 kms comme exemple de hasard, on peut démontrer que la distribution de la fréquence des différences peut être approximée par une distribution normale.Au contraire, une distribution normale des éléments des séries de différences pourrait être considérée comme un nouveau critérium de la homogénéité relative de deux séries de la température moyenne. Cette conclusion est vérifiée par l'accordance avec d'autres critériums.De plus, une continuation des études de ces problèmes au moyen de méthodes statistiques est désirable, en particulier, si l'on peut faire usage aussi de séries de quotients (précipitation).

     

Radiometrically determined skin temperature and scalar roughness to estimate surface heat flux. Part I: Parameterization of radiometric scalar roughness

A series of experiments carried out in a pasture field during a growing season, allowed a radiometric determination of the scalar roughness for sensible heatz _oh,r . The values ofz _oh,r are shown to vary over the range of 10^–1–10^–7m both diurnally and seasonally, and an existing theoretical model for the estimation of scalar roughness for sensible heat is found to be inappropriate for the precise estimation ofz _oh,r . To parameterizez _oh,r better, a multiple regression analysis was performed, with predictor candidates such as solar elevation, solar radiationR _s , leaf area index LAI, canopy height, the ratio of the solar radiation and the extraterrestrial radiationR _s /R _e , the ratio of the direct and the total solar radiationR _d /R _s , and the roughness Reynolds number among others. The best regression equation which usesR _s , LAI,R _s /R _e , andR _d /R _s is derived withr=0.75; with smaller numbers of predictors, values ofr tend to deteriorate gradually down tor=0.52 when only one predictor, LAI, was incorporated into the equation.     

Large-Eddy Simulation of Flow and Pollutant Transports in and Above Two-Dimensional Idealized Street Canyons

A large-eddy simulation (LES) model, using the one-equation subgrid-scale (SGS) parametrization, was developed to study the flow and pollutant transport in and above urban street canyons. Three identical two-dimensional (2D) street canyons of unity aspect ratio, each consisting of a ground-level area source of constant pollutant concentration, are evenly aligned in a cross-flow in the streamwise direction x. The flow falls into the skimming flow regime. A larger computational domain is adopted to accurately resolve the turbulence above roof level and its influence on the flow characteristics in the street canyons. The LES calculated statistics of wind and pollutant transports agree well with other field, laboratory and modelling results available in the literature. The maximum wind velocity standard deviations σ _i in the streamwise (σ _u ), spanwise (σ _v ) and vertical (σ _w ) directions are located near the roof-level windward corners. Moreover, a second σ _w peak is found at z ≈ 1.5h (h is the building height) over the street canyons. Normalizing σ _i by the local friction velocity u _*, it is found that σ _u /u _* ≈ 1.8, σ _v /u _* ≈ 1.3 and σ _w /u _* ≈ 1.25 exhibiting rather uniform values in the urban roughness sublayer. Quadrant analysis of the vertical momentum flux u′′w′′ shows that, while the inward and outward interactions are small, the sweeps and ejections dominate the momentum transport over the street canyons. In the x direction, the two-point correlations of velocity R _v,x and R _w,x drop to zero at a separation larger than h but R _u,x (= 0.2) persists even at a separation of half the domain size. Partitioning the convective transfer coefficient Ω _T of pollutant into its removal and re-entry components, an increasing pollutant re-entrainment from 26.3 to 43.3% in the x direction is revealed, suggesting the impact of background pollutant on the air quality in street canyons.     

基于风廓线雷达的对流边界层高度的确定

大气边界层高度对于天气、气候和大气污染研究是一个至关重要的参量。对流边界层(Convective Boundary Layer,CBL)顶部的夹卷过程造成温度和湿度垂直梯度增强,导致这一层的折射率结构常数C■变高。C■的这种垂直分布特征经常被用来定位出CBL高度Z_i。本文利用2010年7—8月天津大港的风廓线雷达数据推断出CBL高度Z_i,对于多重C■峰值或不明确的C■峰值,本文改进了对Z_i的测定,分别讨论了C■最大后向散射法与C■和垂直速度方差(σ■)相结合的新方法的适用性。研究显示:(1)C■廓线具有单峰时,最大后向散射强度法能正确估计CBL高度,这种情况往往对应的是晴天。CBL上存在的残留层或云层引起的温湿起伏变化导致C■廓线具有双峰甚至多峰时,最大后向散射强度法可能会错误估计CBL高度;(2)C■和σ■结合的方法不仅与晴天时C■最大后向散射法有较好的一致性,而且可以将CBL造成的C■峰值从云层造成的C■峰值中区分出来,从而正确估计CBL高度;(3)一般而言,对流边界层中存在有明显的、破碎或者分散不明显的云时,C■和σ■结合的方法都能较好地识别出CBL对应的C■峰值。但由于边界层中的情况极为复杂,C■和σ■结合法也会因不同的原因而错误估计CBL高度。     

Über den Einfluß der Witterung auf den Schwefelstoffwechsel von Kaninchen

Zusammenfassung Während vier Monaten wurde der Harn einer Anzahl von Kaninchen, die radioaktiv markiertes Natriumsulfat (Na ₂ S ³⁵ O ₄) erhalten hatten, täglich auf seine Aktivität geprüft. Es ergab sich, daß an gewissen Tagen deutlich mehr Schwefel ausgeschieden wurde als normalerweise. Die Analyse führte zu der Feststellung, daß es sich durchwegs um Kaltfronttage handelte, die sowohl vor wie nach dem Durchzug polare Luftkörper aufwiesen; die fünf Kaltfronten mit tropischer Ausgangslage dagegen hatten keine biotrope Wirkung auf den Schwefelstoffwechsel.

---

Summary During four months the urine of a certain number of rabbits, which had received radioactively marked sodium-sulphate (Na ₂ S ³⁵ O ₄), has been examined daily as to its activity. It resulted that on certain days the secretion of sulphur was distinctly above the normal value. This was the case on all cold front days, which had a polar air mass before as well as after their passage. The five cold fronts following a tropical air mass on the other hand produced no biotropic effect on the sulphur metabolism.

---

Résumé L'urine d'un certain nombre de lapins, qui avaient reçu du sodium sulfaté (Na ₂ S ³⁵ O ₄) à marquage radio-actif a été examiné chaque jour quant à son activité. Il s'est avéré qu' à certains jours la sécrétion de soufre était remarquablement au-dessus de la valeur ordinaire. L'analyse a montré qu' à ces jours passaient des fronts froids qui été précédés et suivis de masses d'air polaire; en revanche, les cinq fronts froids qui, suivaient des masses d'air tropical n'avaient aucune influence biotropique sur le métabolisme sulfureux.

---

---

Mit 4 Textabbildungen     

On Transpiration and Soil Moisture Content Sensitivity to Soil Hydrophysical Data

Sensitivity of evapotranspiration E and root zone soil moisture content θ to the parameterization of soil water retention Ψ(θ) and soil water conductivity K(Ψ), as well as to the definition of field capacity soil moisture content, is investigated by comparing Psi1-PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF models. The core of PMSURF (Penman–Monteith Surface Fluxes) consists of a 3-layer soil moisture prediction module based on Richard’s equation in combination with the Penman–Monteith concept for estimating turbulent heat fluxes. Psi1- PMSURF and Theta-PMSURF differ only in the parameterization of the moisture availability function F_ma. In Psi1,F_ma is parameterized by using Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) hydrophysical functions; in Theta, F_ma is parameterized by using hydrophysical parameters: the field capacity θ_f and wilting point θ_w soil moisture contents. Both Psi1 and Theta are based on using soil hydrophysical data, that is, there is no conceptual difference between them in the parameterization of E even if in Psi1F_ma depends on 12 parameters, while in Theta only on two soil/vegetation parameters. Sensitivity tests are performed using the Cabauw dataset. Three soil datasets are used: the vG (van Genuchten), CH/vG (Clapp and Hornberger/van Genuchten) and CH/PILPS (Clapp and Hornberger/Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes) datasets. The vG dataset is used in van Genuchten’s parameterization, while in Clapp and Hornberger’s the CH/vG and CH/PILPS datasets are used. It is found that the consistency of soil hydrophysical data in the simulation of transpiration is quite important. The annual sum of E obtained by Psi1E^Psi1, differs from the annual sum of E obtained by Theta, E^Theta, because of the inconsistency between the fitting parameters of Ψ(θ) and K(Ψ) and the θ_f, and not because of the differencies in the parameterization of F_ma. Further, θ_f can be estimated not only on the basis of using soil hydrophysical functions (the θ_f so obtained is θ^Soil_f) but also on the basis of analysing the transpiration process (the θ_fso obtained is θ^tr_f). θ^tr_f values estimated from the condition E^Theta ≈ E^Psi1 are in acceptable accordance with the θ^Soil_f values proposed by Wösten and co-workers. The results are useful in optimizing the parameterization of transpiration in land-surface schemes.