一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65 dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征.VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系.     

一次初夏冰雹天气过程的新一代天气雷达产品特征剖析

针对四川盆地绵阳市梓潼县今年初夏首场区域性强对流冰雹天气过程,从新一代天气雷达产品的分析入手,剖析了强对流冰雹天气过程中雷达产品的特征,分析表明:四川盆地西北部的初夏冰雹天气过程是由强度达65dBz的勾状强回波产生,冰雹云回波在对流层低层具有垂直伸展厚度不大的强辐合特征。VAD风廓线、回波顶高、垂直液态水含量与冰雹天气的产生在时、空定位上有明显的对应关系。     

"2003.6.2"十堰强对流天气雷达回波和数值模拟分析

利用714C天气雷达回波和数值模拟资料，结合其它天气资料，分析了2003年6月2日发生在十堰境内的强对流天气过程。结果表明，此次强对流天气过程是在有利的大尺度天气形势背景下，由复杂地形触发出初始单体并发展为多单体强风暴产生冰雹和大风天气，雷达回波特征明显。风暴回波强度强，回波结构紧密，顶部有旁瓣假回波，低层存在弱回波区（WER），环境风的垂直切变较强。中β低涡的产生为强对流天气的产生和维持发挥了重要作用。     

一次冰雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

20022年6月16日，一次多单体强对流天气影响太原及周边地区。利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析了这次强对流天气过程，着重对冰雹云在其强度PPI、速度PPI、距离高度显示RHI上的回波特征进行了分析，并且利用垂直液态含水量分析了冰雹云增长的定量和定性的特征。通过分析总结出了冰雹云回波所具有的一般特点。2003年的汛期马上就要到来，这些分析结果，将为今后判别冰雹云和人工消雹提供依据。     

重庆地区强对流天气雷达回波统计特征

对过去22年(1982～2003)间重庆市发生的中尺度强对流天气雷达资料进行分类统计，研究中尺度强对流天气过程及其天气雷达回波特征，寻找重庆市中尺度强对流天气的运动规律。建立天气雷达回波资料库，将中尺度强对流天气过程雷达回波资料，按天气类型分类研究，结果表明：①重庆市中尺度强对流系统在时空分布上具有明显的不均匀性；②涡旋状回波是暴雨的显著特征；③冰雹回波以块状为主；④强雷雨大风回波的特征具有带状或弓型。     

2003～2004年强对流灾害性天气多普勒天气雷达产品特征分析

利用银川新一代天气雷达2003～2004年汛期监测到的12次强对流天气过程产品,主要包括：强度、速度、组合反射率、冰雹指数、风廓线、风暴追踪信息、垂直积分液态水含量、中尺度气旋等,特别是径向速度回波产品,根据产品图象特征,将其分为3类,分别从中尺度天气学原理等进行深入的综合分析,得出多普勒天气雷达的几种重要产品对强对流天气特别是冰雹天气的临近预报具有重要使用价值,同时与常规数字化天气雷达进行了对比分析。     

白城市2012年两次强对流天气对比分析

通过分析2012年6月12日和7月1日发生在白城市境内的强对流天气的环境背景和多普勒雷达资料、探空资料表明：两次强对流发生前,强对流发生地附近低层垂直风切变较大,抬升凝结高度较低,空气湿度较大,对流有效位能（CAPE）较大。雷达资料显示：两次强对流天气中,产生强对流天气的雷达回波强度均超过45dBz,且存在明显的“钩”状,强天气产生在“钩状”回波附近,回波具有“WER”或“BWER”结构。冰雹和短时强降水回波均具有较大的VIL值,速度场上存在“逆风区”或“中气旋”。不同之处是产生冰雹的强回波高度超过一20℃等温线高度,一般强回波高度超过8km,产生短时强降水的强回波高度较低,一般在6km左右处,,产生龙卷的强回波VIL没有冰雹和短时强降水大,两次龙卷过程的母体虽然回波形态、强度和高度各异,但均具有“钩状”回波结构,且速度场都存在中气旋。另外,雷达导出产品中的中气旋识别产品对强对流天气的监测有重要的应用价值,尤其是TVS识别对龙卷发生有一定指示意义,雷达超前于龙卷发生约半小时识别出中气旋,这对龙卷的预警非常有意义。     

一次春季冰雹的新一代天气雷达产品应用分析

分析了克拉玛依市2006年4月一次冰雹天气过程的天气形势及雷达回波演变,利用克拉玛依新一代天气雷达CINRAD／CC基本产品和导出产品,找出了回波顶高、垂直液态水含量等多普勒雷达产品特征,对冰雹的雷达识别,提高克拉玛依市及盆地中下游地区强对流天气的预警能力,提供了参考依据：     

2011-06-11豫北强对流天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料、加密地面资料、卫星云图和多普勒雷达回波等资料,从天气形势、物理量场和回波演变特征等方面对2011年6月11日午后发生在豫北地区的强对流天气进行分析发现:高空冷平流和24 h显著降温区叠加在低层暖区之上,形成上干冷下暖湿的位势不稳定层结,为强对流的产生提供了层结条件;地面暖低压发展和辐合中心、辐合线是这次强对流天气的触发机制;0-6 km较大的垂直风切变有利于强对流天气的发展和维持。卫星云图和雷达产品显示:对流云团的发展和移动与地面切变线、雷达回波一致,并可预测强天气落区。当回波中心强度≥50 d Bz、回波顶高≥12 km、垂直累积液态含水量≥45 kg/m2时,极易造成短时强降水和冰雹天气。三体散射特征和中气旋的出现对确定发布冰雹预警有指示意义,17:50第一次观测到三体散射特征发布冰雹预警,时效在20~90 min。垂直液态含水量在强降水发生前20 min开始剧增,为判别短时强降水等强对流天气提供有效依据。     

2008年盛夏阿克苏一次强对流天气成因及雷达回波分析

2008年7月24日阿克苏地区出现了暴雨、冰雹强对流天气。利用常规高空、地面观测资料和新一代天气雷达资料系统地分析了此次天气中环流背景、物理量场、雷达回波的演变特征。分析得出,此次强对流天气在上层干冷、下层暖湿的不稳定层结、充沛的水汽条件和较强的抬升运动的配合下,导致不稳定能量突增,直接诱发了强对流天气的发生、发展。雷达回波上的“v”形槽口、有界弱回波的出现、较强的垂直风切变以及气流辐合现象,均为强对流天气回波的典型特征。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...