湖北省常规天气要素分县MOS预报方法及其应用

借鉴美国MOS预报方法,利用逐步回归法,采用T106数值预报产品以及湖北省常规天气要素（温度、降水）实况资料,建立了湖北省77个站1～5天温度及降水分级预报方程,并将该预报方程提供给国家气象中心,再由国家气象中心将T106数值预报产品处理后的预报因子代入相应的预报方程中,并通过9210通信系统分发逐日滚动分县预报结果。武汉中心气象台的初步试验结果表明,该预报对下级台站有一定的指导作用。     

辽宁省气象要素分季分县完全预报方法

选取T106资料建立辽宁省 54个县站的天气要素分季预报方程 ,使用T213资料进行预报 ,并对降水及温度预报结果进行了评分和分析。预报结果表明 ,完全预报方法可用于日常预报业务     

辽宁省气象要素分季分县完全预报方法

选取T106资料建立辽宁省54个县站的天气要素分季预报方程，使用T213资料进行预报，并对降水及温度预报结果进行了评分和分析。预报结果表明，完全预报方法可用于日常预报业务。     

甘肃省常规天气要素客观分县预报系统

运用T106数值模式的历史资料及气象站点的观测资料,经过处理后形成预报因子,采用MC18方法建立甘肃省80个站的极端温度、风、云量、有无降水等常规天气要素的预报方程。投入业务运行后,取得了良好的预报效果,为预报员提供了一种客观预报工具。     

用PP法作8月高原低槽低涡类大雨预报

完全预报法不需要利用数值预报样本资料,它以历史资料的天气形势作因子来确定局地天气要素,导出方程。预报时用数值预报值代入,避免了资料不足的困难,争取了时间。为使 B 模式输出产品尽早投入我站日常预报,增加预报信息,我们用1971—1980年8月份的历史天气图,结合本站资料,建立了高原低槽低涡类大雨预报方程。     

广东省冬季逐日最低气温的预报方法

为了能结合数值预报产品做好广东省逐日最低气温的预报,利用1998~2007年冬季(11月~次年2月)美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,选取20°~27.5°N,107.5°~117.5°E区域内的海平面气压、850 hPa温度、850 hPa相对湿度、850 hPa纬向风(u)、850 hPa经向风分量(v)和500hPa位势高度等6个要素作为预报因子,以韶关、梅州、广州、阳江、汕头等5个站分别作为广东5个部分的代表站,采用能选取"最优"因子的逐步回归方法建立5个代表站的11月~次年2月逐日的最低气温预报方程,并对预报方程进行检验。结果表明:采用逐步回归预报方法建立的广东省5个代表站的逐日最低气温预报方程具有一定的预报能力,但也存在预报结果比实况偏低的不足。     

客观预报方程中因子的选取及应用效果分析

利用因子选取及方程建立人机交互平台,建立了云南省125个气象站的降水、温度客观要素预报方程.对比试验表明,绝大多数组合因子都优于单因子,组合因子预报方程的质量普遍比单因子预报方程好.预报检验结果显示,干季的降水预报尚未达到可用程度,雨季小雨及中雨、大雨的预报有一定业务指导意义,对于反映中小尺度系统的暴雨天气预报效果较差,在因子的选择上还需要做大量细致的工作.温度预报具有一定的参考价值,但还有待进一步改进.     

基于探空资料的雷暴潜势预报方法

利用常规探空资料计算出多种对流指数,结合高空要素和物理量场等资料,针对浙江省的3个探空站分别建立统计预报方程;对逐个探空站100 km的范围采取区域划分的方法,可以有效提高预报方程的拟合效果.最后利用2007年6～7月的独立资料进行效果检验,结果显示,预报探测率(POD)平均87.5％,虚假警报率(FAR)平均26.7...     

内蒙古乡镇精细化预报模型及业务试验

文章利用县级台站天气实况插值生成乡镇天气实况资料库进而建立乡镇MOS预报方程的处理方法,建立了内蒙古1242个乡镇及一般风景点24小时天气要素精细化客观预报模型,并建成了业务化系统进行了业务试验运行。预报效果检验表明,这一方法是一种可行的精细化预报研制技术,其预报效果明显好于中央台精细预报指导产品,个别要素甚至略好于人工订正产品,完全可以应用于业务工作中。     

许昌市汛期强降水HLAFS产品释用技术

利用国家气象中心提供的ＨＬＡＦＳ物理量预报产品,在分析统计各要素预报场与１９９６年汛期许昌市８例强降水过程相关性的基础上,建立相似预报方法和相关预报方程,并于１９９７～１９９８年汛期进行业务试验。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

冰冻圈影响区恢复力研究和实践:进展与展望

气候变化引起全球冰冻圈各要素普遍退缩,进而深刻影响着区域生态安全和社会经济发展。恢复力(resilience)以降低脆弱性为目标,维持和培育社会-生态系统应对外界胁迫和干扰的能力,为应对冰冻圈变化引起的负面影响、实现区域可持续发展提供了重要的理论和实践框架。文中辨识了全球变暖背景下冰冻圈过程和功能变化对主要社会-生态系统的影响,综述了当前冰冻圈影响区恢复力相关的主要研究和实践进展,探讨了加强冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统恢复力的路径。我们认为未来要进一步加强区域和全球冰冻圈变化及其影响综合评估,深入研究冰冻圈影响区社会-生态系统变化的驱动机制、级联效应和稳态转换;在实践上将减缓、适应和转型有机结合,建立管控区域社会-生态系统演化的综合监测、评估、预警和决策系统,从而促进系统朝着更具恢复力和可持续的路径发展。     

关于气候变化与荒漠化关系的新认知

IPCC于2019年8月7日通过了《气候变化与土地特别报告》决策者摘要,报告第3章评估了气候变化与荒漠化的关系,取得了一些新认识,包括全球旱地(dryland)和荒漠化的范围、荒漠化过程与影响因素、荒漠化的检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化的联系。在估计荒漠化变化、荒漠化变化检测与归因、荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、应对荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化联系方面还存在不足。这些评估结果对我国认识旱地和荒漠化范围的变化、影响荒漠化因素、荒漠化过程、荒漠化变化检测与归因,荒漠化对自然和社会经济系统的影响、荒漠化对气候变化的反馈、未来气候变化对荒漠化的影响与风险,以及防治荒漠化与适应和减缓气候变化方面等都有重要的启示。     

我国霾研究进展与公共安全影响应对*

在给出霾的定义、特征及空间分布的基础上,介绍了霾的物理学特性、化学特性及气象学研究的最新进展,分析了霾对公共卫生健康、交通安全的影响, 提出了科学编制防御规划、统筹建立协调机制、有效推进减霾行动、提供相应科技支撑、完善相关政策法规等对策建议,对于政府相关部门制定霾天气应对和防治措施具有积极的决策参考作用,减少或减轻霾对经济社会发展和人体健康带来的损害威胁。     

Model simulations of rainout and washout from a warm stratiform cloud

A one-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model with parameterized microphysics is used to investigate the processes which control the rainout and washout of soluble gases from warm, precipitating stratiform clouds. Calculations are presented simulating the distributions of soluble species within and below the cloud layer and in the precipitating raindrops as a function of time and species' solubility. Our calculations indicate that for species with low solubility, wet removal processes are relatively slow and thus do not significantly affect the species' gas-phase abundance. As a result, the removal of low-solubility species by rainout and washout is controlled by thermodynamic processes with the concentration of the species in cloud and rainwater largely determined by the species' solubility. For highly soluble species on the other hand, dissolution into cloud droplets and removal in rain is quite rapid and the abundance of highly soluble species within and below the cloud falls rapidly as soon as the precipitation begins. Because of this rapid decrease in concentration, we find that for highly soluble species: concentrations in cloud droplets near the cloud base can exceed that of raindrops by factors of 2 to 10; washout can dominate over rainout as a removal mechanism; and that, after an extended period of rainfall, the rate of removal becomes independent of the microphysical properties and rainfall rate of the cloud and is controlled by the rate of transport of material into the precipitating column by horizontal advection.     

Field Experimental Investigations on the Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-Content in Cloudwater Samples

The Fe(II)/Fe(III)-partition in cloudwater samples collected during two field campaigns is evaluated. It turned out that the simultaneous occurrence of complexing and reducing substances in the atmosphere and the cloud processing increase the solubility of iron compounds present in aerosol particles. A correlation between the concentration of iron(II) in the liquid phase and the intensity of the solar irradiation was observed for most of the cloudwater samples. This could be due to the fact that both the photochemical reduction of the iron(III) complexes and the photochemical reductive dissolution of iron(III)(hydr)oxides are depending on the pH-value. Iron(II) seems to be oxidised back to iron(III) preferably by hydrogen peroxide during the night. Positive correlations were received e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the concentration of oxalate and between the percentage of iron(III) and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A negative correlation was found e.g. between the concentration of dissolved iron and the pH-value. The uncertainty of the whole process of sampling and analysis was investigated and the conformity of the results was satisfying considering the sometimes difficult conditions during a field campaign.     

人工影响天气弹药储运安全保障探讨

人工影响天气弹药仓储、运输困难严重影响安全作业。以湖南省人工影响天气弹药储运为例,从现代管理技术和机制上探讨人工影响天气弹药储运安全保障措施。结果表明,采用分区划片、区域保障的仓储原则可以解决炮弹火箭弹禁止混存的问题;通过物联网系统建设实现弹药信息化科学管理,通过构建政府主导、军地协同、部门落实的人工影响天气弹药安全保障体系,能适应政府和军区改革。新形势下军地协同保障弹药储运促进了人工影响天气事业的安全发展。     

安顺两次特大暴雨过程的TBB和螺旋度对比分析

利用自动站观测资料、探空资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2010年6月27日夜间和2012年7月12日夜间贵州南部局地大暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明,安顺的两次特大暴雨天气过程主要是受高空槽和中低层切变共同影响,并配合低空急流,形成了有利于强降水的环流背景。安顺处于假相当位温的高能舌区和K指数、螺旋度的大值区,为特大暴雨的形成提供了很好的能量和动力条件。MCC是造成安顺特大暴雨天气的直接原因,强降水发生在云团的冷核中心内,最强降水均出现在MCC的成熟期。关岭滑坡现场与周围环境明显的海拔高度差和温度差造成的热力差异,为关岭岗乌两次特大暴雨提供了动力源和暖湿气流,并造成了关岭岗乌多次的强降水。     

基于GIS技术的人工影响天气业务系统的设计

介绍基于G IS技术,以基础地理环境为基础构筑人工影响天气业务系统平台,对炮点定位数据、卫星云图资料、雷达回波资料、气象观测资料等数据进行分析、定位及叠加等处理,为人工影响天气的决策提供依据;利用GPS技术对进行人工降雨作业的飞机进行监控,及时了解作业情况等。     

A review of recent advances in research on Asian monsoon in China

This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily： （1） the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. （2） The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. （3） The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Plateau itself. （4） Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon （ASM） in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula （ICP） and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. （5） The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM）, which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. （6） The revelation of the ＂planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band＂ from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. （7） Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in Ch