基于指标叠套法的安徽省强对流天气潜势预警研究

对2005-2007年4-9月安徽省冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气日数进行统计,分析了基于探空资料计算的不稳定指标与强对流天气发生的关系。结果表明：K指数、A指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能、归一化对流有效位能和对流抑制能量这几个指标对于强对流天气指示意义较好。基于此结果,挑选K指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能针对不同季节划分闽值,建立强对流天气潜势预警指标,并利用中尺度模式MM5的数值预报产品计算该指标,对2005—2010年13个强对流天气过程预报结果进行对比检验表明。MM5模式给出的强对流天气潜势预警产品对大多数过程均能起到预警作用。对其中两次强对流天气过程分析表明,模式具备预报强对流发生潜势的能力,预报结果对强对流天气发生的时间、落区有预警意义。     

基于指标叠套法的安徽省强对流天气潜势预警研究

对2005－2007年4-9月安徽省冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气日数进行统计,分析了基于探空资料计算的不稳定指标与强对流天气发生的关系。结果表明：K指数、A指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能、归一化对流有效位能和对流抑制能量这几个指标对于强对流天气指示意义较好。基于此结果,挑选K指数、沙氏指数和对流有效位能针对不同季节划分阈值,建立强对流天气潜势预警指标,并利用中尺度模式MM5的数值预报产品计算该指标,对2005-2010年13个强对流天气过程预报结果进行对比检验表明,MM5模式给出的强对流天气潜势预警产品对大多数过程均能起到预警作用。对其中两次强对流天气过程的进一步分析表明,模式具备预报强对流发生潜势的能力,预报结果对强对流天气发生的时间、落区有预警意义。     

The tornado in Bashkortostan: the potential of analyzing and forecasting tornado-risk conditions

The possibility of advance tornado warning is analyzed. The tornado observed in Bashkortostan on August 29, 2014 is considered as an example. To compute meteorological fields, the WRF model with high spatiotemporal resolution is used. Indices of convective instability are calculated. The analysis of variations in indices enabled forecasting the tornado generation with the lead time up to three days and with the accuracy up to several hours in time and 200 km in space. The possibility is demonstrated of registering and nowcasting tornados by using the available software for radar data processing. The polential is discussed of the joint use of such information for developing the syslem of monitoring and forecasting of severe weather events including tornados.     

Characterization of tropical precipitation using drop size distribution and rain rate-radar reflectivity relation

Characterization of precipitation is important for proper interpretation of rain information from remotely sensed data. Rain attenuation and radar reflectivity (Z) depend directly on the drop size distribution (DSD). The relation between radar reflectivity/rain attenuation and rain rate (R) varies widely depending upon the origin, topography, and drop evolution mechanism and needs further understanding of the precipitation characteristics. The present work utilizes 2 years of concurrent measurements of DSD using a ground-based disdrometer at five diverse climatic conditions in Indian subcontinent and explores the possibility of rain classification based on microphysical characteristics of precipitation. It is observed that both gamma and lognormal distributions are performing almost similar for Indian region with a marginally better performance by one model than other depending upon the locations. It has also been found that shape-slope relationship of gamma distribution can be a good indicator of rain type. The Z-R relation, Z = AR^b, is found to vary widely for different precipitation systems, with convective rain that has higher values of A than the stratiform rain for two locations, whereas the reverse is observed for the rest of the three locations. Further, the results indicate that the majority of rainfall (>50%) in Indian region is due to the convective rain although the occurrence time of convective rain is low (<10%).     

中国地区对流参数化加热廓线的分析研究和数值试验

为了使MM4模式在我国范围内得到很好的应用，需用我国的气候资料对MM4模式中的对流加热参数进行统计分析，以适应我国各地区气候状态。为此，本文选取了1990～1993年6～8月的常规探空资料，采用郭氏的对流参数化方案，放宽假设后直接计算求得各站点各时次的对流加热率参数，再按气象站的站区分区进行统计。结果表明:黄河以南地区，对流云上、下部的垂直加热率比较均匀，加热廓线峰值偏低，为σ=0.65～0.80，对流云顶也比较高。黄河以北地区，对流云中的垂直加热率分布不均，加热集中在某一层上，加热廓线峰值出现在σ=0.     

An example of the comparison of middle troposphere instability indices in the prognostic model with the thunderstorm activity data

Presented is a review of thunderstorm forecast methods based on atmospheric instability indices. Described are the main potential sources of thunderstorm observations. Obtained are the estimates of the accutacy of the WWLLN global network that registers lightnings. Compared are the Meteosat-9 infrared images of convective clouds, the model maps of cloudiness, and some instability indices computed using the WRF-ARW model.     

Numerical simulation of the scattering indicatrix,linear polarization rate,and depolarization factor in the developing convective cloud for millimeter and centimeter wavelengths

Carried out is the numerical modeling of the scattering indicatrix, linear polarization rate, and depolarization factor in the developing convective cloud based on the convection jet model using the Mi functions for millimeter and centimeter wavelength ranges. The analysis of the results demonstrated that the values of these parameters depend strongly on the scattering angle for any wavelength and at any height of the convective cloud. It is shown that these characteristics vary significantly if there is increase in the droplet size in the spectrum and decrease in the wavelength. Revealed is the inverse dependence between the scattering indicatrix values and the polarization (depolarization). At such scattering angles where the scattering indicatrix is maximal, polarization and depolarization are minimal.     

A comparison of lightning activity and convective indices over some monsoon-prone areas of China

Using 10-year lightning localization data observed by the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), the relationship between lightning activity and a series of convective indices was investigated over nine monsoon-prone areas of China in which high-impact weather (HIW) events are frequently observed.Two methods were used to verify and reconstruct LIS lightning data. First, LIS lightning flash data were verified by both surface thunderstorm reports and ground-based lightning detection data. Seasonal, monthly, and 5-day distributions of LIS observed lightning activity agree well with the surface reports and ground-based lightning observations. Second, due to LIS's low sampling frequency, a data reconstruction and compensation scheme for LIS lightning observations was designed using both LIS lightning seasonal diurnal cycles and surface thunderstorm reports. After data reconstruction, five lightning products were derived: daily mean and maximum LIS flash rate, daily mean and maximum LIS lightning cell rate, and number of lightning days per five day period.Then, a series of convective indices describing convection conditions were derived from radiosonde data according to atmospheric instability and convective potential analysis. Correlation analysis for each study region was done between 10-year lightning derived products and corresponding convective indices by 5-day periods. The correlation analysis results show that higher lightning flash rate and lightning probability are associated with more unstable air and smaller vertical wind shear in a nearly saturated lower layer in most of the study regions. But the correlation varies from region to region. The best correlation between lightning activity and convective indices was found in eastern and southern China, whereas the correlation is lowest in some inland or basin topography regions in which topographic effects are more significant. Moreover, ambient moisture plays a much more important role in the convective development of thunderstorms in southern China than other regions. Thunderstorm development mechanism differences among regions were also discussed.Based on the close relationship between lightning activity and convective indices, some regression equations for forecasting 5-day mean or maximum LIS lightning flash rate and lightning area (a thunderstorm cell) rate, and 5-day lightning days for the study regions were developed using convective indices as predictors. The verifications show that the convective index-based lightning forecast methods can provide a reasonable lightning outlook including probability and lightning flash rate forecasts for a 5-day period.     

Numerical Simulation of Microphysics in Meso-β-Scale Convective Cloud System Associated with a Mesoscale Convective Complex

Numerical simulation of meso-β-scale convective cloud systems associated with a PRE-STORM MCC case has been carried out using a 2-D version of the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) nonhydrostatic model with parameterized microphysics. It is found that the predicted meso-γ-scale convective phenomena are basically unsteady under the situation of strong shear at low-levels, white the meso-β-scale convective system is maintained up to 3 hours or more. The meso-β-scale cloud system exhibits characteristics of a multi-celled convective storm in which the meso-γ-scale convective cells have lifetime of about 30 min. Pressure perturbation depicts a meso-low after a half hour in the low levels. As the cloud system evolves, the meso-low inten-sifies and extends to the upshear side and covers the entire domain in the mid-lower levels with the peak values of 5-8 hPa. Temperature perturbation depicts a warm region in the middle levels through the entire simulation period. The meso-γ-scale warm cores with peak values of 4-8oC are associated with strong convective cells. The cloud top evapo-ration causes a stronger cold layer around the cloud top levels.Simulation of microphysics exhibits that graupel is primarily concentrated in the strong convective cells forming the main source of convective rainfall after one hour of simulation time. Aggregates are mainly located in the stratiform region and decaying convective cells which produce the stratiform rainfall. Riming of the ice crystals is the predominant precipitation formation mechanism in the convection region, whereas aggregation of ice crystals is the predominant one in the stratiform region, which is consistent with observations. Sensitivity experiments of ice-phase microphysical processes show that the microphysical structures of the convective cloud system can be simulated better with the diagnosed aggregation collection efficiencies.     

Distribution of convective energy at upper level in South Korea and the possibility of artificial showery rain caused by activated CAPE

This paper reports a theoretical study on the possibility of inducing artificial showery rain using the convective available potential energy, which is naturally stored in the troposphere. We calculated the environmental parameters (frequency of climatic values, extreme value of stability index, etc.) in the upper troposphere using rawinsonde data from six main stations in Korea from 2001 to 2008 and examined the temporal spatial convective energy according to region. Our results showed that convective available potential energy, which can induce artificial rainfall, existed in the troposphere mainly in summer and were low in other seasons. Its value was found to be highest during late afternoon and in inland regions. We examined the vertical structure of the atmosphere using moisture convergence and vertical velocity (omega) and found that precipitation occurred under strong real latent instability conditions with high convective available potential energy (>3,000?J/kg) in summer and was characterized by moisture convergence at 1,000?C400?hPa, moisture divergence at 400?C300?hPa, and continuous ascending air current at 1,000?C300?hPa (?C??), on average. However, precipitation still did not occur in more than half the cases with high convective available potential energy because, according to the analysis, convective rainfall is affected to a greater extent by the value of convective inhibition than by convective available potential energy. It was also verified that in spite of zero convective inhibition, if the updrafts at a lower level were not sufficient to generate high convective available potential energy at a level higher than the level of free convection, convective rainfall would not occur under real latent instability. Therefore, we suggest it might be possible during the summer to secure the water resources in regions without precipitation by inducing ascending air current artificially under unstable atmospheric conditions to induce showery rain.     

能量参数在南通地区强对流天气中的应用

对南通地区1991--2003年强对流天气气候特征进行了统计分析;将强对流天气的大范围环流形势作了分型和总结;利用常规观测资料和1&#176;&#215;1&#176;的NCEP再分析资料,通过MMSV3．7高分辨率数值模拟结果,对典型个例进行了分析研究。结果表明：有利的天气系统影响,大气不稳定能量的累积和释放是强对流天气形成的关键条件之一。利用数值模拟结果计算的有效位能、强天气威胁指数等对强对流天气都具有很好的指示意义。     

Diurnal Variations of the Flux Imbalance Over Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Landscapes

It is well known that the sum of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as measured by the eddy-covariance method is systematically lower than the available energy (i.e., the net radiation minus the ground heat flux). We examine the separate and joint effects of diurnal and spatial variations of surface temperature on this flux imbalance in a dry convective boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Results show that, over homogeneous surfaces, the flux due to turbulent-organized structures is responsible for the imbalance, whereas over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux due to mesoscale or secondary circulations is the main contributor to the imbalance. Over homogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance in free convective conditions exhibits a clear diurnal cycle, showing that the flux-imbalance magnitude slowly decreases during the morning period and rapidly increases during the afternoon period. However, in shear convective conditions, the flux-imbalance magnitude is much smaller, but slightly increases with time. The flux imbalance over heterogeneous surfaces exhibits a diurnal cycle under both free and shear convective conditions, which is similar to that over homogeneous surfaces in free convective conditions, and is also consistent with the general trend in the global observations. The rapid increase in the flux-imbalance magnitude during the afternoon period is mainly caused by the afternoon decay of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Interestingly, over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance is linearly related to the TKE and the difference between the potential temperature and surface temperature, ΔT; the larger the TKE and ΔT values, the smaller the flux-imbalance magnitude.     

减弱对流云降水的AgI催化原理的数值模拟研究

在对流云模式中增加了AgI两个预报量,耦合了考虑受水汽过饱度和温度影响的4种核化机制的AgI催化模块,使其具备了对AgI类催化剂的模拟能力,能够研究AgI类催化剂对对流云系统的影响。利用该模式对一次华南对流云降水过程进行了AgI催化数值模拟试验,对人工减缓对流云降水的可能性及原理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,在适当的时机对适当的部位进行大剂量的催化,可以减少总降水量,也可以减少最大降水中心的雨强。当催化浓度达到2×10~8 kg~(-1)时,可以减少32%的降水量,具备有效减缓对流云降水的可能性。大剂量催化后,大量的AgI粒子在冷区核化后,消耗了大量的过冷水。催化后霰粒子的落速和雨水的落速减小。催化阶段由于霰融化成雨水减少而使降水减弱。催化结束后在霰融化成雨水增多的情况下,雨水的蒸发大幅增加,从而导致了降水量的持续减少。AgI在模拟的强对流云中主要以受过饱和度影响的凝结冻结和催化剂长时间作用的浸没冻结这两种方式成核。研究所用催化方法在外场作业中具有技术可行性。     

极端天气指数在强对流天气中的应用及检验

数值预报特别是集合预报技术大大提高了对极端天气的预报能力,目前对于温度、风、降水等要素,欧洲中心基于集合预报产品计算的极端指数产品为其极端性提供了定量化依据。但目前尚没有应用于业务预报的强对流天气极端指数产品,本文统计了与强对流天气密切相关的物理量,并计算了其极端天气指数,统计了极端天气指数在不同强对流天气中的阈值分布。结果表明,极端天气指数与强对流天气有密切的关系,且不同类型的强对流天气极端指数的分布和阈值具有各自的特点。基于上述结果,利用极端指数和模式降水资料,使用支持向量机方法,建立了不同类型强对流天气的客观预报方法,为业务预报极端强对流天气提供客观支持产品。     

Statistical model for downscaling extreme surface temperatures at the weather station network in the Moscow region

Investigation of predictability of extreme meteorological values is an urgent problem of the present time. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate possibilities of reconstructing daily maximum and minimum air temperatures on a city scale using short-range weather forecasts. A statistical model is suggested, with which more than 85% of the natural variability of the extreme temperature at the Moscow weather stations can be reconstructed. A possibility to predict the maximum outliers in the solutions is demonstrated. The necessity to use the procedures of filling up the available gaps in observational data is emphasized. A classification of extreme situations in the atmosphere is suggested, which will help to increase the accuracy of the solution.     

2007年6-7月江西雷电灾害综合分析

针对2007年6—7月江西雷电灾害特别严重的事实,从闪电定位资料、天气形势背景、对流不稳定指数,以及多普勒雷达回波特征等方面进行了相关对比分析。结果表明,异常频繁的闪电和较高的闪电密度,是造成江西2007年雷击人员伤亡重于往年、重于其他省份的重要因素。雷击死亡人数与闪电次数和闪电密度相关性较好,当闪电密度≥2.0次/km2时,发生雷击伤亡的可能性明显增加。副高位置不稳定、短波槽移动频繁以及不稳定指数偏强,是江西雷电频繁发生的天气背景条件。当雷达组合反射率强度>54 dBz、回波顶高>12 km、垂直积分液态含水量>40 kg/m2时,江西易产生强雷电。     

Interrelation between the Dynamic Structure and Water Content of Convective Clouds Based on Aircraft Observations

The spectral structure of turbulence (spectra and cospectra) and water content characteristics for convective clouds in the tropical region was analyzed using aircraft observations in the meteorological testbed over Cuba; the results are presented. The cospectra for vertical turbulent heat fluxes allow classifying convective clouds based on their development stage and revealing the stages of growth, stabilization, and dissipation of clouds. It is shown that the value of cloud air overheating as compared to the ambient space is a parameter defining the cloud development stage. The interrelation is revealed between the integral characteristics of turbulence and water content (the mean values and distribution functions of parameters) for different stages of development of convective clouds. The recommendations are formulated on using the data on the dynamic structure of clouds for weather modification activities. A method is proposed for the instrumental estimation of cloud suitability for seeding that is aimed at precipitation augmentation.     

Using the fractions skill score to assess the relationship between an ensemble QPF spread and skill

The numerical weather prediction model LM COSMO was employed to study the regional ensemble forecast of convective precipitation. The relationship between ensemble spread and ensemble skill and the possibility of estimating ensemble skill on the basis of ensemble spread were investigated. Five convective events that produced heavy local rainfall in the Czech Republic were studied. The LM COSMO was run with a horizontal resolution of 2.8 km and an ensemble of 13 forecasts was created by modifying the initial and boundary conditions. Forecasts were verified by gauge-adjusted radar-based rainfalls. Ensemble skill and ensemble spread were determined using the Fractions Skill Score (FSS), which depended on the scale of the elementary area and on a precipitation threshold. The spread represents the differences between the control forecast and the forecasts provided by each ensemble member, while the skill evaluates the difference between the precipitation forecast and radar-based rainfalls. In this study, the ensemble skill is estimated on the basis of the ensemble spread. The numerical experiments used the FSS-based skill and spread values related to four events to estimate the skill–spread relationship. The relationship was applied to a fifth event to estimate the QPF ensemble skill given the ensemble FSS-based spread. The evaluation was performed separately for 1, 3, and 6 h rainfalls using various threshold values and scales. The absolute frequencies of the differences between diagnostic and prognostic FSS-based skill show that all of the distributions have means and medians close to zero and that the interquartile ranges are between 0.10 and 0.30. The results indicate that 67% of all the fitted FSS-skill values were within 0.15 of the true values. One of five events showed a marked overestimation of the prognostic FSS-skill so that only 39% of skill values were fitted. At the other four events, the 75% of predicted FSS-skill values were in the range of 0.15 of the diagnosed FSS-skill. The results appear to be encouraging; however, tests with more extended data are needed to confirm the potential of the technique.     

中国东部云-降水对应关系的分析与模式评估

为评估和改进模式中不同类型云与降水的对应关系,利用1998—2007年卫星-台站融合降水资料和国际卫星云气候计划的卫星观测云资料,采用诊断方法分析了中国东部季风区冬季层云、夏季对流云、层云与降水的水平分布及季节变化对应关系,并评估了BCC_AGCM模式的T42和T106分辨率版本对云-降水对应关系的模拟能力。观测资料分析结果表明,中国东部冬季云带和雨带都稳定少动,降水主要来自雨层云和高层云,南部沿海层云和层积云也对降水有贡献;夏季,中国东部表现为层积混合云降水特征,对流云带与降水带具有较好的对应关系,并具有一致的移动特征。对流降水主要来自深对流云和卷层云,深对流云云量和降水中心完全吻合,卷层云云带则表现出比深对流云主体和降水带偏北的现象;层云降水主要来自高层云和层积云。模式评估结果表明,中、低分辨率版本的BCC_AGCM模式均模拟出了冬季层云和稳定少动的降水带、夏季深对流云、卷层云和降水带的对应关系及随季风推进的移动特征。与T42模式版本相比,T106模式版本在夏季对流云云量的模拟及其与降水带的对应关系方面有所改善,说明改进的BCC_AGCM积云对流参数化方案与高分辨率模式网格更匹配,但冬季层云云量模拟误差变大,与降水带的对应关系变差,其原因值得进一步分析研究。     

东亚夏季风活动与不同类型云的相关性研究

利用1998~2007年候平均卫星-台站融合降水资料以及ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) D1云资料,分别定义了标准降水指数和两类云指数。降水指数大值区的移动能很好的表征东亚夏季风活动,两类云指数能分别反映某个区域深对流云(DC)、高积云(Ac)和积云(Cu)云量的集中变化特征。根据不同地区降水集中时段以及降水量等气候特征,结合中国气候区划(温度带及干湿区)及不同地域的地形特征,把中国大陆受东亚夏季风影响的地区划分为五个子区域。利用ISCCP D1云气候资料和降水资料,在候时间尺度上通过分析降水与不同云类、标准降水指数与两类云指数的相关性研究了东亚夏季风活动与不同类型云的对应关系。研究表明:ISCCP定义的深对流云(DC)、卷层云(Cs)与降水量在五个区显著正相关,表明东亚夏季风活动伴随有大量的对流云及云砧出现;高积云(Ac)、积云(Cu)的总云量与降水量在五个区显著负相关,表明夏季风活动增强时,Ac和Cu云量减少;层云(St)和层积云(Sc)与降水量在南方和北方分别呈显著的负相关和正相关,说明季风活动在南方伴随着对流云的显著增加,在北方则使层状云和对流云均有所增加;高层云(As)、卷云(Ci)和雨层云(Ns)与季风活动没有显著的相关性。