淮河流域汛期20 d内最大日降水量概率分布

利用淮河流域158个站点1980—2007年夏季降水量资料,选取淮河上游、淮河中上游、淮河中下游、洪泽湖以下和沂沭河5个子流域,采用Γ分布函数分析了淮河流域首雨日 (前1日无雨) 和连续雨日 (前1日有雨) 的夏季多年降水的概率分布特点。通过对代表站息县、阜阳、商丘、淮安、连云港Γ分布概率密度与样本频率的对比分析和K-S检验表明:Γ分布函数能较好拟合分条件的淮河流域夏季雨日的概率分布,用该分布函数递推得到的1 d, 10 d, 20 d内最大日降水量概率分布比较规则合理。淮河流域5个子流域中淮河上游、淮河中下游、沂沭河流域在10 d,20 d内最大日降水量不低于10 mm,25 mm,50 mm的可能性更大。     

锦州地区逐日降水概率分布特征

利用锦州地区的逐日降水量观测资料对逐日降水量的概率分布进行了统计分析,采用最大似然估计法得到Gamma函数分布的形状参数α和尺度参数β,通过Gamma概率分布模拟观测站点逐日降水的概率分布。结果表明：锦州地区逐日降水频率整体趋势先上升后下降,基本呈对称式分布,降水概率有一定的振荡,个别日会出现远超相邻日期的降水频率,7月21日降水频率最高,在不计微量降水的情况下,最低逐日降水概率有多个日期为0。各季降水频率偏低是造成义县地区干旱的原因之一;北镇夏季平均降水频率最低,但其夏季平均降水量却为锦州地区最高,说明北镇可能易出现较大量级降水或易出现极端降水天气。清明期间降水频率在50%以上、高考期间降水频率在80%以上,符合大众日常对特殊日期降水情况的认知;逐日降水频率可以为公众气象服务提供新的思路。凌海、北镇更容易出现极端降水天气;锦州地区日降水出现小雨天气概率最高,暴雨以上降水概率较低,锦州地区各站极少出现大暴雨以上量级降水,对锦州降水量级预报,尤其是暴雨或大暴雨以上降水量级的预报起到一定的指示作用。     

中国日降水的分布特征和未来变化

通过对1961—2010年中国540个气象站逐日降水观测数据和高精度区域气候模式CCLM（COSMO model in climate mode）3839个格点模拟值的对比,检验CCLM模式对中国日降水的模拟能力,揭示了1961—2010年日降水分布格局的变化特征;同时利用CCLM模式对中国地区2011—2050年的日降水预估值（SRES-A1B情景）,运用概率统计和极值理论方法,分析了2011—2050年日降水序列及其极值的可能变化趋势。结果表明：除华南和青藏高原西部存在着较大的偏差以外,模式和观测日降水序列的峰度和偏度的分布格局较一致,空间相关系数达到0.75以上,CCLM能够很好地模拟中国日降水的分布特征。2011—2050年,峰度和偏度在江淮部分地区、东北与内蒙中东部等地区呈显著增加趋势,降水极端事件将会增多;最大日降水量和汛期最多无降水日数在上述地区的增加,进一步反映干旱和洪涝出现概率将升高。     

Evaluation of the weather generator CLIGEN with daily precipitation characteristics in Korea

The ability of the CLImate GENerator (CLIGEN) weather generator to reproduce daily precipitation characteristics for Korea was assessed on the basis of 55-year long historical daily precipitation records from eight weather stations (Seoul, Incheon, Daegu, Ulsan, Gwangju, Busan, Kangneung, and Jeonju) representing different parts of the Korean peninsula. The basic statistics of daily precipitation (mean, standard deviation, skewness of daily precipitation, number of rainy days, and the lengths of wet/dry period), probability distribution characteristics of daily precipitation (percentiles and maximum value), and the spatial covariance statistic generated by CLIGEN were compared with those derived from the observed weather series. Significance tests were conducted on the difference between the historical and generated statistics with the 1% significance level. The results show that CLIGEN simulates most of the daily precipitation characteristics satisfactorily with a tendency to slightly underestimate the mean and variability of daily precipitation. Especially, the number of rainy days is perfectly reproduced with mean relative error of 0.4% across all the stations. It is also found that the spatial covariance statistic from eight different stations is well reproduced by CLIGEN with respect to the leading EOF mode of summer season daily precipitation.     

华东地区不同等级降水日数的时空分布特征

根据华东地区1961～2010年逐日降水量台站观测资料,利用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和经验正交函数（EOF）分析等方法揭示不同强度降水日数的时空演变特征。结果表明,华东地区的小雨日数为总雨日数的72.42%,占总雨日数的最大比重。同时发现小雨日数和总雨日数（暴雨和大暴雨日数）表现为显著的减少（增加）趋势,说明总雨日数的减少主要是由于小雨日数的减少所致。EOF 分析结果显示总雨日和小雨日的主要 EOF 模态在空间上表现出全场一致的减少趋势以及南北反相位的特征。福建中部既是总雨日数和小雨日数最大的区域,也是两者减少趋势最明显的地区。暴雨日数和大暴雨日数高值中心出现的区域基本重合,大致在浙江-江西-安徽三省交界处。     

Trends of precipitation extreme indices over a subtropical semi-arid area using PERSIANN-CDR

In this study, satellite-based daily precipitation estimation data from precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks (PERSIANN)-climate data record (CDR) are being evaluated in Iran. This dataset (0.25°, daily), which covers over three decades of continuous observation beginning in 1983, is evaluated using rain-gauge data for the period of 1998–2007. In addition to categorical statistics and mean annual amount and number of rainy days, ten standard extreme indices were calculated to observe the behavior of daily extremes. The results show that PERSIANN-CDR exhibits reasonable performance associated with the probability of detection and false-alarm ratio, but it overestimates precipitation in the area. Although PERSIANN-CDR mostly underestimates extreme indices, it shows relatively high correlations (between 0.6316–0.7797) for intensity indices. PERSIANN-CDR data are also used to calculate the trend in annual amounts of precipitation, the number of rainy days, and precipitation extremes over Iran covering the period of 1983–2012. Our analysis shows that, although annual precipitation decreased in the western and eastern regions of Iran, the annual number of rainy days increased in the northern and northwestern areas. Statistically significant negative trends are identified in the 90th percentile daily precipitation, as well as the mean daily precipitation from wet days in the northern part of the study area. The positive trends of the maximum annual number of consecutive dry days in the eastern regions indicate that the dry periods became longer in these arid areas.     

SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND VARIATION TRENDS OF HIERARCHICAL PRECIPITATION IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS

The climatic characteristics of the precipitation in Guangdong province over the past 50 years were analyzed based on the daily rainfall datasets of 86 stations from 1961 to 2010. The rainfall was divided into five categories according to its intensity, and their spatiotemporal characteristics and variation trends were investigated. The annual rainfall amount was within 1,500 to 2,000 mm over most parts of Guangdong, but substantial differences of rainfall amount and rainy days were found among different parts of the province. There were many rainy days in the dry seasons (October to March), but the daily rainfall amounts are small. The rainy seasons (April to September) have not only many rainy days but also heavy daily rainfall amounts. The spatial distributions of light rainy days (1 mm 100 mm) are generally concentrated in three regions, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, and Haifeng/Lufeng. The average rainfall amount for rainy days increases form the north to the south of Guangdong, while decreasing as the rainfall intensity increases. The contributions from light, moderate and heavy rain to the total rainfall decreases form the north to the south. The annual rainy days show a decreasing trend in the past 50 years. The light rainy days decreased significantly while the heavy, rainstorm and downpour rainy days increased slightly. The annual total rainfall amount increased over the past 50 years, which was contributed by heavy, rainstorm and downpour rains, while the contribution from light and moderate rains decreased.     

汉江流域极端水文事件时空分布特征

利用1960-2012年汉江流域15个气象站点的日降雨资料和3个水文站同时期日径流资料,分析了9个极端降雨指数的空间分布规律,运用广义极值分布（GEV）、Gamma分布两种极值统计模型对各站点的最大1 d降雨、最大3 d降雨极值样本进行拟合,遴选描述降雨极值分布规律最优概率模型,进而推算给定重现期下的降雨设计值,并分析其空间分布规律;选用Gumbel、Clayton和Frank这3种Copula函数建立降雨-洪量极值联合分布模型,优选最合适的Copula函数,由此计算给定重现期下的洪量设计值。结果表明：GEV分布模型能更好地模拟降雨极值序列,不同重现期下的降雨极值在空间上均呈西低东高的特征;3种Copula函数中,Frank Copula函数能更好地拟合降雨-洪量相关关系,由此推求的洪量设计值大于单变量拟合设计值。     

Probability Distribution of Precipitation Extremes over the Yangtze River Basin

 Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005, and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum (AM) and Munger index (MI) were constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series. Research results show that (1) the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment, the Dongting Lake area, the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River, and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment; whereas, the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment; (2) compared with observational data, the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data, and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards; (3) in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes, by applying General Extreme Value (GEV) and Wakeby (WAK) models with the method of L-Moment Estimator (LME) to the precipitation extremes, it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well. The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005,and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century,time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum(AM)and Munger index(MI)were constructed.The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series.Research results show that(1)the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment,the Dongting Lake area,the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River,and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment;whereas,the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment;(2)compared with observational data,the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data,and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards;(3)in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes,by applying General Extreme Value(GEV)and Wakeby(WAK)models with the method of L-Moment Estimator(LME)to the precipitation extremes,it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well.The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

贵州省秋季连阴雨时空变化特征及典型过程研究

利用贵州省78个气象站1969—2019年秋季（9月1日—11月30日）的逐日降水量和日照时数资料以及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，分析贵州省秋季无日照连阴雨发生频次、持续时间和时空分布特征，并选取5次典型过程进行环流诊断。结果表明：近51年来，贵州省秋季无日照雨日数10月最多，9月最少，秋季无日照雨日降水量最大的是9—10月，11月降水量最少。秋季累计贵州省平均无日照雨日数为27.3 d/a，贵州省多年平均秋季无日照降水量为183.2mm/a，均呈北多南少的分布型。贵州省东北部发生轻级（5～6 d）无日照连阴雨的频次最多，重级以上（10 d以上）无日照连阴雨过程主要发生在贵州省西北部。厄尔尼诺发生年，印度洋偶极子正位相，高原及其以西地区、印度洋多低值系统发展活动频繁，有利于贵州省出现连阴雨过程。     

降水量水平空间分布非均匀性的普适分布律探讨

以中国区域逐月降水资料(272个测站)为基础探讨降水量场的水平空间概率分布模式的普适性。结果表明，描述中国区域月降水量水平空间分布非均匀性的普适分布律以г分布的PDF(Probability Density Function)最适宜；讨论了其分布参数的季节和年际变化及其气候意义，并用分区拟合结果验证了该分布型的普适性。     

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

 摘 要：根据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水观测资料和ECHAM5/ MPI-OM气候模式20世纪试验期（1941-2000年）79个格点逐日降水模拟资料，建立年最大强降水AM（annual maximum）序列及汛期日降水量＜1.27 mm的最长干旱持续天数MI（Munger index）序列，分析了长江流域降水极值序列的时空分布特征和概率分布模式。结果表明：1) 长江流域强降水事件的强度和概率最大的地区位于岷沱江流域中游、洞庭湖湖区、长江中下游干流区与鄱阳湖东南部支流等地区，干旱事件强度和概率最大的地区位于金沙江流域中下游与嘉陵江流域；2) 气候模式模拟的长江流域AM事件的多年平均值普遍高于观测值，但离差系数普遍低于观测值; 3) 气候模式模拟结果与观测的降水极值空间分布有一定的差异，但对气候模式和实际观测的降水极值概率分布的拟合，均证明Wakeby分布函数能够较好地拟合降水极值的概率分布。     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and Southern China

The characteristics of raindrop size distribution(DSD) over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China are studied in this paper, using the DSD data from April to August 2014 collected by HSC-PS32 disdrometers in Nagqu and Yangjiang, comprising a total of 9430 and 6366 1-min raindrop spectra, respectively. The raindrop spectra, characteristics of parameter variations with rainfall rate, and the relationships between reflectivity factor(Z) and rainfall rate(R) are analyzed, as well as their DSD changes with precipitation type and rainfall rate. The results show that the average raindrop spectra appear to be one-peak curves, the number concentration for larger drops increase significantly with rainfall rate, and its value over southern China is much higher, especially in convective rain. Standardized Gamma distributions better describe DSD for larger drops, especially for convective rain in southern China. All three Gamma parameters for stratiform precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are much higher, while its shape parameter(μ) and mass-weighted mean diameter(D_m), for convective precipitation, are less. In terms of parameter variation with rainfall rate, the normalized intercept parameter(N_w) over the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform rain increases with rainfall rate, which is opposite to the situation in convective rain. The μover the Tibetan Plateau for stratiform and convective precipitation types decreases with an increase in rainfall rate, which is opposite to the case for D m variation. In Z–R relationships, like "Z = AR~b", the coefficient A over the Tibetan Plateau is smaller, while its b is higher, when the rain type transfers from stratiform to convective ones. Furthermore, with an increase in rainfall rate, parameters A and b over southern China increase gradually, while A over the Tibetan Plateau decreases substantially, which differs from the findings of previous studies. In terms of geographic location and climate over the Tibetan Plateau and southern China, the precipitation in the pre-flood seasons is dominated by strong convective rain, while weak convective rain occurs frequently in northern Tibet with lower humidity and higher altitude.     

近40a中国不同量级降水对年降水量变化的影响性分析

采用1968-2007年全国595个气象台站的日降水资料,将降水量分为0．1～9．9mm、10～24．9mm、25～49．9mm和≥50mm共4个不同量级降水,通过趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了年雨日与年降水量相关性、年雨日与日平均降水强度的变化趋势、不同量级降水的日数和强度的变化趋势以及它们分别对年降水量变化的影响。...     

庐山地区层状云和对流云降水特征对比分析

根据Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪在庐山高海拔观测场获取的2011年降水资料,结合宏观特征量、雨滴谱资料和雷达图像资料,将降水划分为对流云降水和层状云降水,选取了12次典型降水过程。对两类云降水的6种特征直径、各档雨滴对降水参量的贡献、降水微物理参量的演变等进行了分析,并利用M-P分布和Gamma分布对两类云降水雨滴谱进行拟合,对拟合参数以及拟合效果进行了分析。结果表明：两类云降水微物理特征有着本质的区别,层状云降水谱宽相对较窄,参量随时间变化比较平缓,直径不超过1 mm的小滴对降水贡献最大;对流云降水谱宽相对较宽,出现了直径接近10 mm的大滴,参量起伏较大,对数密度贡献很小的大滴对雨强、含水量贡献却比较大。从拟合效果检验来看,层状云降水拟合时的M-P曲线在大部分区段比Gamma曲线更接近实测雨滴谱曲线;对流云降水拟合时的Gamma分布曲线与实际雨滴谱分布曲线整体吻合程度较高。M-P分布和Gamma分布两种拟合方法都适用于层状云降水,对流云降水雨滴谱拟合时Gamma拟合效果优于M-P拟合效果。     

庐山一次积冰天气过程冻雨滴谱及下落末速度物理特征个例研究

利用PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2014年2月7~15日庐山地区积冰天气期间持续时间在5 h以上的2次冻雨过程[2月10日（个例1）和2月13日（个例2）]降水谱分布特征及下落末速度粒径分布进行研究。所观测到的两次个例均是以冻雨为主体的混合相态降水,下落末速度粒径分布偏离G-K曲线,与常规液态降水存在差异,低落速的冻雨滴随降水过程会逐渐向冰粒和干雪转化。结果表明:（1）个例1总降水粒子谱谱宽大于个例2,但峰值数密度比个例2小:个例1谱宽为10 mm,个例2谱宽为4.25 mm,两者峰值粒径均为0.5 mm;个例1降水粒子谱宽为干雪>冻雨>冰粒,个例2降水粒子谱宽为冻雨>干雪>冰粒。（2）Gamma分布更适合描述混合相态降水粒子谱以及冻雨滴谱,个例1中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=20D-3.61exp（-0.08D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=76D-2.18exp（-1.11D）;个例2中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=30D-4.68exp（-0.75D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=30D-4.67exp（-0.75D）。（3）混合相态降水因混有干雪或冰粒而使得下落末速度粒径谱分布表现出不同程度地向大粒径小落速方向或小粒径大落速方向延展的趋势,这为今后依据下落末速度粒径谱区分同时期降水类型提供了新的思路。     

中国雨日数的气候特征及趋势变化

使用国家气象信息中心整编的全国2 425个观测站1961年1月—2013年2月的52 a逐日降水观测资料,美国气象环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)资料。通过计算气候场、雨日概率、倾向值、M-K突变检验等现代统计诊断方法,研究了中国各等级雨日数的年、季节的时空分布特征和不同等级雨日数的趋势变化特征以及相关的背景环流。得到以下结论:(1)中国年总雨日数高值区在四川东部、贵州、江南及云南西南部,以小雨日数占比最高;中雨、大雨日数高值区在江南东部和云南西南部;50 mm以上雨日数中心分别在华南沿海和闽—浙—赣交界,前者强后者弱;(2)年内总雨日概率分布表现为3类:平缓型、单峰型、双峰型,南方地区除云南外均为平缓型;西藏东部、川西、陕甘宁3省南部、青海东部为双峰型;全国其余地区为单峰型;(3)中国季风区小雨日数在1970s末—1980s初发生突变,呈趋势性显著减少,除东北外,四季均减少,以秋冬季云南、上海等地减少最显著,而干旱半干旱区小雨日数呈增加趋势;(4)西南地区东部的年中雨日数在2000年后显著减少,秋季减少最明显,而京、沪、粤3大城市群年中雨日数呈增加趋势;西南地区东部秋季、云南夏季大雨以上日数在2003年后显著减少,而夏冬两季长江中下游中雨以上等级的雨日数明显增加;(5)川东、贵州、江南中部的雨日高值区与青藏高原东部低层回流冷空气形成的静止锋或辐合带相联系。     

成都地区降水时空分布变化

分析成都地区12个气象观测站50年（1960—2009年）逐日降水资料的时空分布变化规律得出：成都地区年降水量、汛期有雨日降雨强度、最大日降水量均呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。降水量主要集中在夏季,盛夏7、8两个月降水量占全年降水总量的47%;降水空间分布的主要类型为东—西走向,即降水量的地区分布趋势是西部多于东部;对降水量的M-K突变检验表明,大部分地方存在年降水总量的突变。