气象水文灾害的防灾减灾教育培训新进展

简要综述了第十届世界气象组织教育与培训大会的主题报告内容.本次大会主要讨论防灾减灾的气象水文教育与培训等问题,集中讨论了"备灾-预防和早期预警"、"减灾-应急、救援和重建"和"跨学科培训"等3个主题,强调集合数值预报系统对于估计出现极端天气事件的风险非常重要,同时必须培训气象、水文工作者使用集合预报中的概率预报信息.中国气象灾害监测、预测和预警已经从单纯提供一般意义上的气象灾害信息提升到有利于社会经济发展的气象灾害服务,既考虑自然因子也考虑经济发展的影响.在跨学科培训方面,将管理知识和气象知识结合起来,可以取得非常好的效果.大会建议提高世界气象组织区域培训中心以及各国气象水文部门培训单位的培训能力,主要通过提供防灾减灾的专门培训单元,对自然灾害风险管理短期课程进行指导,重视各国气象水文部门对于管理和传播领域培训的需求.     

江淮气旋发生发展和暴雨过程及有关预报问题的研究

本文就一次典型过程作为例子,分析了江淮气旋发生发展和暴雨过程的特点,指出有利于江淮气旋发生发展的高空天气形势,地面一些中尺度低压和暴雨核的演变与气旋发展的互相联系。发现气旋区内可存在若干个中尺度低压,这些中尺度低压可先于或后于暴雨核生成而出现,并可增强、减弱或合并。文中计算了潜热释放的加热对涡度制造的贡献,指出潜热加热对气旋发展起着极为重要的作用。作者对于影响气旋发展的因子进行了讨论,并对如何根据湿度场、流场和降水分布(或卫星云图)特征来预报江淮气旋提出建议。     

高原东侧川渝盆地东西部夏季降水及其大尺度环流特征

采用我国台站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析比较了高原东侧川渝盆地东、西部夏季降水及其大尺度环流特征。主要结论为：（1）1951-2004年来,盆西夏季降水总体呈减少趋势,盆东则呈增加趋势;盆地东西部夏季降水主要呈反位相变化,20世纪90年代以来最常见的两种雨型是西少东多、东西部一致偏少。（2）位于北半球中高纬度的乌拉尔山高脊、巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖之间的低压槽以及亚洲东部高脊的两脊一槽环流型发展、西太平洋副热带高压偏北,是盆西多雨年的环流背景。（3）乌拉尔山、巴尔喀什湖、西伯利亚地区的高脊偏强,贝加尔湖一线以南直到盆东附近地区上空为槽区,东亚中高纬地区以经向型环流为主,西太平洋副热带高压偏南,是盆东多雨年的环流背景。（4）亚欧大陆中高纬环流形势的显著不同,是盆地东西部夏季降水发生年代际变化的主要原因之一。     

印度洋和南海海温与长江中下游旱涝

作者统计分析了1958～1999年42年长江中下游地区夏季5～8月旱涝事件的分布特征.结果表明,42年中旱涝月出现频次相等,但洪涝强度远大于干旱强度.对比分析旱涝月的环流异常和海温异常(SSTA)发现,南海地区SSTA和对流层低层经向风异常均与长江中下游旱涝显著相关,尤其正SSTA和涝月的关系更为密切,因此南海SSTA为我国长江中下游地区旱涝的一个强讯号.进一步分析发现,夏季南海SSTA与前春赤道南印度洋SSTA存在显著相关,可将其作为预报因子.最后得到的预报思路为:当前春赤道南印度洋海温异常偏暖,则夏季南海海温异常偏暖,南海低空出现异常偏南风,异常多的水汽向我国南方输送,长江中下游地区易涝;反之当前春南印度洋海温异常偏冷,夏季南海海温亦异常偏冷,南海低空出现异常偏北风,向北输送水汽偏少,长江中下游易旱.     

台站如何做好自动站报表人机互审工作

<正>目前黑龙江省各自动站报表以机审为主,但OSSMO 2004软件本身也存在缺陷,所以手工预审也不容忽视。OSSMO2004软件自身的审核包括两方面的内容,一是在地面审核规则库中由台站根据本站实际情况建立的规则库,二是记录的     

异常情况下大风的记录和编发报

介绍自动站风向风速传感器的工作原理及风要素的采集方法,对自动气象站FJ.TXT文件中记录的大风数据与Z文件记录的极大风速及其出现时间不一致的原因进行分析,并提出正确记录和编发报的方法。     

天山北麓植被指数变化特征及其与气温和降水的关系

利用1982-2005年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气象资料,研究了天山北麓各地区不同植被类型ND-VI的年际变化特征及其对气候因子的响应.结果表明:1)近24 a来天山北麓各地区植被指数在波动中有所增长.2)不同植被类型对气候因子的响应不同,但各类型植被NDVI都与气温和降水存在着明显的正相关关系.3)平原区植被指数增幅大于山区植被指数增幅,说明植被生长不仅受自然因素影响,也受人为因素影响.     

On the maintenance and initiation of the intraseasonal oscillation in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and in the GLA and UKMO AMIP simulations

 In this study, satellite-derived outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the reanalysis from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research are used as verification data in a study of intraseasonal variability in the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) atmospheric general circulation models. These models simulated the most realistic intraseasonal oscillations (IO) of the 15 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project models previously analyzed. During the active phase of the intraseasonal oscillation, convection is observed to migrate from the Indian Ocean to the western/central Pacific Ocean, and into the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). The simulated convection, particularly in the GLA model, is most realistic over the western/central Pacific Ocean and the SPCZ. In the reanalysis, the baroclinic structure of the IO is evident in the eddy-stream function, and eastward migration of the anticyclone/cyclone pairs occurs in conjunction with the eastward development of convection. Both the GLA and UKMO models exhibit a baroclinic structure on intraseasonal time scales. The GLA model is more realistic than the UKMO model at simulating the eastward migration of the anticyclone/cyclone pairs when the convection is active over the western/central Pacific. In the UKMO model, the main heating is located off the equator, which contributes to the irregular structures seen in this model on intraseasonal time scales. The maintenance and initiation of the intraseasonal oscillation has also been investigated. Analysis of the latent heat flux indicates that evaporative wind feedback is not the dominant mechanism for promoting the eastward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation since evaporation to the west of the convection dominants. The data suggest a wave-CISK (conditional instability of the secondkind) type mechanism, although the contribution by frictional convergence is not apparent. In the GLA model, enhanced evaporation tends to develop in-place over the west Pacific warm pool, while in the UKMO simulation westward propagation of enhanced evaporation is evident. It is suggested that lack of an interactive ocean may be associated with the models systematic failure to simulate the eastward transition of convection from the Indian Ocean into the western Pacific Ocean. This hypothesis is based upon the examination of observed sea surface temperature (SST) and its relationship to the active phase of the intraseasonal oscillation, which indicates that the IO may evolve as a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode. The eastward propagation of convection appears to be related to the gradient of SST, with above normal SST to the east of the convection maintaining the eastward evolution, and decreasing SST near the western portion of the convective envelope being associated with the cessation of convection. Received: 13 September 1996/Accepted: 14 April 1997     

飑与冷锋过境的区别及其判定

飑是一种天气系统的活动，通常在冷锋前、切变线附近生成，多出现于夏季。飑是突然发作的强风，出现时风速的大小并无规定。但是飑出现时，风速达到大风标准，则要加记大风现象。     

Structure and variability of the Yucatan and loop currents along the slope and shelf break of the Yucatan channel and Campeche bank

Three years (2008–2011) of direct current measurements from a mooring array deployed at the western Yucatan Channel (defined west of 85.6°W) and along the eastern Campeche Bank captured the main characteristics of the Yucatan and Loop Currents and the eddies associated with them. The array was deployed to provide upstream conditions in support of the Loop Current Dynamics Experiment. A substantial portion (60–80%) of the variance at the mooring sections is related to horizontal shifts of the currents due to meanders and eddies. Time-frequency analysis indicates that the velocity time-series are “event dominated”, with higher variability at low-frequencies (40–100 days or longer periods) but with a substantial contribution at higher frequencies (5–25 days periods) particularly strong from October to March. The vertical structure and time evolution of the eddy kinetic energy in a developing Campeche Bank cyclone suggest baroclinic instability dynamics are relevant for its development. Four Loop Current eddies (Cameron, Darwin, Ekman and Franklin) separated during 2008–2011. Ekman and Franklin were particularly dominated by a cyclone associated with a meander trough of the southward flowing branch of the Loop Current (Donohue et al., 2016a, Donohue et al., 2016b) and weaker Campeche Bank cyclones. For Cameron and Darwin, Campeche Bank cyclonic anomalies appear to be nearly as strong as the ones coming from the eastern side of the Loop Current. Eastward shifts of the Yucatan and Loop Currents observed over the sections appear to be linked to vorticity perturbations propagating from the Caribbean and precede several eddy detachments; their significance for the generation of Campeche Bank cyclones and eddy shedding remains to be determined.Time-series of Yucatan Current transport, vorticity fluctuations and Loop Current northward extension during the 3 deployment periods only depict positive correlation in two of them. Given the wide spectrum of variability, much more data are required to determine if a statistically robust relation exists among these variables. Our results clearly illustrate the complexity of the flow in this region and that it is difficult to single out a dominant mechanism that can explain all Loop Current eddy detachments.     

蓄满-超渗兼容模型与神经网络模型的应用对比研究

利用鲇鱼山水库1975-1999年的小时降雨、蒸发和入库洪水资料,对建立的蓄满一超渗兼容模型与人工神经网络模型参数进行了率定和检验。分析结果表明,整体上两个模型的率定和检验结果都在评定精度以内,合格率分别为72．22％与83．33％,具有一定的可靠性与预测性。蓄满-超渗兼容模型在整体流量相对误差上要优于神经网络模型;在单场洪水过程及洪峰误差与峰现时差上,神经网络模型模拟得更准确。因此,蓄满-超渗兼容模型较神经网络模型更具有水文基础及物理意义,并且可以作中长期预报。     

Climate change and impacts in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East

The Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME) are likely to be greatly affected by climate change, associated with increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and hot weather conditions. Since the region is diverse and extreme climate conditions already common, the impacts will be disproportional. We have analyzed long-term meteorological datasets along with regional climate model projections for the 21st century, based on the intermediate IPCC SRES scenario A1B. This suggests a continual, gradual and relatively strong warming of about 3.5–7°C between the 1961–1990 reference period and the period 2070–2099. Daytime maximum temperatures appear to increase most rapidly in the northern part of the region, i.e. the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. Hot summer conditions that rarely occurred in the reference period may become the norm by the middle and the end of the 21st century. Projected precipitation changes are quite variable. Annual precipitation is expected to decrease in the southern Europe – Turkey region and the Levant, whereas in the Arabian Gulf area it may increase. In the former region rainfall is actually expected to increase in winter, while decreasing in spring and summer, with a substantial increase of the number of days without rainfall. Anticipated regional impacts of climate change include heat stress, associated with poor air quality in the urban environment, and increasing scarcity of fresh water in the Levant.     

青藏高原大地形的动力、热力作用与低频振荡

在对青藏高原大地形的动力和热力作用作物理分析的基础上, 着重分析了青藏高原大地形的高度、地形坡度和非绝热加热对中高纬低频振荡的影响, 指出:青藏高原大地形的高度、合适的地形坡度和地形加热都可以促进低频振荡的形成, 而且, 这些因子都会影响低频Rossby波的稳定性.     

Evapotranspiration in the basins of the Northern Dvina and the Western Dvina rivers and its variability

Considered is a possibility of using the previously developed method for estimating the evapotranspiration from the river basin based on the observations at the network of water- and soil-evaporation stations and on the data on the land use dynamics for the Northern Dvina and Western Dvina river catchments. It is demonstrated that the method enables to obtain rather realistic and reliable estimates both of evapotranspiration over the basin and of the contribution of different landscapes to its value. The value of evapotranspiration and its interannual variability depend not only on the trends in the fluctuations of evaporation from the water surface and the land surface, but also on the changes in landscape characteristics. The present paper is a continuation of the papers dealing with the study of the basins of the Volga and Don rivers started under V.S. Golubev’s leadership and participation.     

云贵高原楚雄滑坡灾害与降水关系分析和预报

楚雄地质结构复杂,加之人类活动破坏了山体的稳定性,在降水的诱因下易发生山体滑坡、地面崩塌,小型泥石流等地质灾害,楚雄州地质灾害调查结果显示,滑坡在地质灾害中所占比例达80％,滑坡是楚雄地质灾害中的主要类型,故本文仅针对滑坡灾害展开分析。利用楚雄州10县（市）气象站2004～2006年5～10月逐日降水资料,分析不同滑坡结构山体滑坡与2004—2006年降水的关系,得出不同滑坡结构和降水条件下的滑坡等级预报指标,在降水预报与实况降水对比的基础上建立楚雄山体滑坡气象预警预报等级。2007年度试运行中准确率达70．4％,在气象防灾减灾中取得了突出成绩。     

长江中下游汛期长期旱涝预报与500毫巴环流型及其变化

本文根据1951—1974年,共24年的500毫巴月平均资料,对长江中、下游汛期旱、涝现象作了环流的对比分析,揭示了长江中、下游汛期旱、涝环流的长期演变的特征。它们之间从前冬就表现有载然不同的环流特征和演变过程。本文还讨论了极地涡旋,50°—80°N间的欧亚阻塞高压,南支槽,西太平洋副高脊以及东亚大槽等系统的分布及演变过程。给出了旱年、涝年的环流模式,提出了汛期旱、涝长期预报指标,并据此做了1976年汛期降水的长期预报试验。