乌鲁木齐河流域参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征

根据乌鲁木齐河流域5个气象站近30a的地面气象观测资料.应用1998年FAO最新推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了各月参考作物蒸散量ETo,在此基础上,分析了ETo的月际和年际变化特征,并探讨了各气候要素和海拔高度与ETo的相关关系。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河流域ETo空间变化较大。从山前冲洪积平原的人工绿洲区到高寒地带的乌鲁木齐河源头ETo多年平均值呈明显递减趋势,平均垂直递减率为17.3mm.（100m）-1;30a来,流域各站的年参考作物蒸散量ETo均呈递减趋势,递减速率为-0.05mm.a-1～-5.21mm.a-1;ETo与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、空气相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降水量和小型蒸发皿蒸发量均具有较好的相关性;造成近30a乌鲁木齐河流域参考作物蒸散量呈递减趋势的气候原因是：气温、空气相对湿度升高和降水增多以及风速、日照时数减小等气候变化综合作用的结果。     

玛纳斯河流域积雪变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系

利用MODIS积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000—2009年玛纳斯河流域积雪面积年内、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:玛纳斯河流域积雪面积在4个不同分带上随季节变化各不相同,其中,带1变化最剧烈,受气候影响最为显著;带2、带3积雪的增加和减少都比较平缓;带4受气候影响最小。从年际波动来看,带1积雪面积随季节变化更为明显,带4在四季变化中均较平稳。对整个流域积雪面积与气候资料的相关分析表明:冬季,流域积雪变化对降水更敏感;而春季,气温是影响流域积雪面积变化的更主要的因素。     

福建一次强冰雹天气的物理量及雷达回波特征分析

利用MODIS积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000-2009年玛纳斯河流域积雪面积年内、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:玛纳斯河流域积雪面积在4个不同分带上随季节变化各不相同,其中,带1变化最剧烈,受气候影响最为显著;带2、带3积雪的增加和减少都比较平缓;带4受气候影响最小.从年际波动来看,带1积雪面积随季节变化更为明显,带4在四季变化中均较平稳.对整个流域积雪面积与气候资料的相关分析表明:冬季,流域积雪变化对降水更敏感;而春季,气温是影响流域积雪面积变化的更主要的因素.     

吉林省参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征及影响因素

基于吉林省50个气象站1960—2014年逐日最高气温、最低气温、日照时数、风速数据,采用Penman-Monteith算法,计算各站逐日参考作物蒸散量,进而计算各站及全省四季和年平均参考作物蒸散量,利用数理统计方法,结合地理信息系统软件,分析参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征及主要气候影响因子。结果表明:近55 a,吉林省年平均参考作物蒸散量为876 mm,年参考作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势(p <0. 01);空间分布差异显著,由东南向西北逐级递增,56%的站点呈显著下降趋势(p <0. 05)。参考作物蒸散量夏季最大、春季次之、冬季最小,且均呈下降趋势,但只有春季的下降趋势显著(p <0. 01);春、夏、秋、冬季与年平均参考作物蒸散量在空间分布上基本一致,但气候倾向率为负值以及通过显著性检验的站点数依次减少。全省四季和年参考作物蒸散量均与降水呈显著负相关,与日照时数、风速、最高气温呈显著正相关;其中年、春、夏、秋季与气温日较差以及春、夏、秋季与平均气温也呈显著正相关;冬季与最低气温、平均气温呈显著正相关;而典型站点参考作物蒸散量各季节影响因素及影响大小略有差异,各气象因子的共同作用导致了参考作物蒸散量的变化。     

秦淮河流域气象水文要素变化特征及径流变化归因分析

研究秦淮河流域气象水文要素变化特征及径流变化归因对该流域水旱灾害防御工作具有重要指导意义。利用秦淮河流域气象水文观测数据和遥感资料，采用β-z-h三参数综合指示法、联合突变检测法等分析该流域气象水文序列时空变化趋势、变异点和变异度，采用弹性系数法定量评估气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：（1）秦淮河流域年平均气温和年径流深呈显著增加趋势，且未来仍将保持显著增长趋势；年降水量和参考作物蒸散量呈不显著增加趋势，且未来仍将维持微弱上升；年平均相对湿度呈显著减少趋势，且未来仍将维持显著减少。年降水量未发生变异，年平均相对湿度在2004年发生巨变异，年平均气温在1994年发生强变异，年参考作物蒸散量在2003年发生中变异，年径流深在2002年发生弱变异。（2）基准期（1981—2002年）和变化期（2003—2019年）秦淮河流域径流深与降水量呈显著正相关，与参考作物蒸散量、下垫面指数呈负相关；变化期较基准期参考作物蒸散量和下垫面指数弹性系数增大，而降水量弹性系数减小，下垫面指数的变化对径流增加贡献量较大（91.20%），表明人类活动引起的下垫面变化是径流增加的主要因素，起正贡献作...     

玛纳斯河流域一次雹暴的雷达回波分析

通过对玛纳斯河流域一次雹暴过程的雷达回波分析,初步认识了玛纳斯河流域雹暴特征,为今后有效地防御冰雹灾害提供了科学依据。     

气候与植被覆盖变化对中国西南亚高山区流域碳水循环的影响模拟

正确认识气候变化对流域森林植被和水文的影响对于林业经营管理与流域生态修复具有重要意义。为了揭示气候与植被覆盖变化对西南亚高山区流域碳水循环过程的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID（Simplified Simple Biosphere model version 4, coupled with the Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics model）与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL（Topographic Index Model）的耦合模型（以下记为SSiB4T/TRIFFID）模拟了不同气候情景下西南亚高山区的梭磨河流域植被演替和碳水循环过程。结果表明,所有试验流域植被经历了从C3到苔原灌木最后到森林的变化;控制试验流域蒸散在流域植被主要为苔原灌木时达到最大而径流深最小;增温5 ℃并且增雨40%试验[记为T+5, (1+40%) P试验]流域蒸散在流域为森林覆盖时达到最大而径流深最小。随着温度增加,森林蒸腾、冠层截留蒸发和蒸散的增加幅度明显大于草和苔原灌木,导致森林从控制试验的增加径流量变为减小径流量。从控制试验到T+5, (1+40%) P试验,温度增加使森林净初级生产力有所增加,但对草和苔原灌木的净初级生产力影响很小;植被水分利用效率随温度增加明显减小。西南山区随着海拔高度降低（温度升高）,森林从增加径流量转变为减少径流量,植被水分利用效率也相应明显减小。西南山区气候的垂直地带性对森林—径流关系和水分利用效率的空间变化有着重要的影响。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域50年来气候变化及其对木本植物物候期的影响

以中亚典型冰川融化区新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,分析了50年来气候变化趋势及周期性波动规律,并阐明当地主要木本植物物候变化及对气候变化的响应.研究结果表明:玛纳斯河流域气候总体趋向于暖湿方向的发展,其中非作物生长季的增温幅度较大,而作物生长季降水量的增加幅度较大.气温与降水的周期震荡存在较大差异,但均在10年尺度下表现为频繁的偏高期和偏低期的循环交替,反映出短期气候变化的复杂性和无常性.箭杆杨、柳树、新疆杨和榆树4种主要木本植物的落叶末期和生长季变化的倾向率均为正值,说明物候现象均有不同程度提早发生的趋势.气温、降水和日照时数的变化趋势与4种木本植物的物候期的变化趋势在一定程度上存在着一致性,同时建立了木本植物物候期和气候因子之间的最优回归方程.     

参考作物蒸散量的多种计算方法及其结果的比较

分别用 FAO Penman- Monteith公式 (模型 1 )、FAO Penman 修正式 (模型 2 )和国内Penman修正式 (模型 3)计算了泰安和西峰两地的参考作物蒸散量 ,对 3种方法的计算结果进行了比较 .模型 1得到的参考作物蒸散量大于后 2种模型 ,导致不同模型计算偏差的原因是 3种模型各自选用了不同的辐射项和动力项计算式 ,且计算偏差随季节和地理条件而变 .建议计算区域参考作物蒸散量用模型 1 ,计算单站逐日参考作物蒸散量 3种模型都可用 .     

影响海河流域参考作物蒸散量的气象因子定量分析

基于海河流域159个气象站1961—2014年逐日气象资料,采用P-M模型计算该地区的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),分析海河流域ET0对平均最高、最低气温及相对湿度、平均风速和日照时数的敏感性,并结合各气象要素的多年相对变化率定量探讨ET0变化的主导因子。结果表明:海河流域年ET0以-22.7 mm·(10 a)-1的速率显著减少,在空间分布上,除流域西北部分地区呈增加趋势外,大部分地区ET0呈显著减少趋势。ET0对各要素的敏感系数除相对湿度外,其他均为正值。综合考虑ET0对各要素的敏感性及各要素的多年相对变化率发现,相对湿度及最高、最低气温是导致ET0增加的因子,平均风速和日照时数则是导致ET0减少的因子。虽然平均风速和日照时数的敏感系数不是最高,但其减小趋势显著,多年相对变化率较大,导致对ET0的贡献较大,成为海河流域ET0变化的主导因子,二者的显著减少造成了整个流域ET0显著减少的事实。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...