玛纳斯河流域积雪变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系

利用MODIS积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000—2009年玛纳斯河流域积雪面积年内、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:玛纳斯河流域积雪面积在4个不同分带上随季节变化各不相同,其中,带1变化最剧烈,受气候影响最为显著;带2、带3积雪的增加和减少都比较平缓;带4受气候影响最小。从年际波动来看,带1积雪面积随季节变化更为明显,带4在四季变化中均较平稳。对整个流域积雪面积与气候资料的相关分析表明:冬季,流域积雪变化对降水更敏感;而春季,气温是影响流域积雪面积变化的更主要的因素。     

冬季中国东部海区热通量变化与中国气温降水的关系

利用OAFlux月平均热通量、NCEP/NCAR（1958—2006年）再分析和全国160个站的月降水、气温等资料,采用相关分析、合成分析等方法,分析了中国东部海区海气界面热通量变化特征及其与中国冬、春季降水、气温的关系。研究表明,中国东部海区为潜热通量和感热通量年际变化的关键区,冬季变化最为显著,具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,热通量的增强趋势明显。热通量的年代际变化与同期冬季中国华南降水存在明显正相关,与华北降水存在负相关、与气温存在显著正相关。1983年气候突变前热通量年际变化与同期中国长江下游地区降水有很好的负相关。突变后热通量年际变化与同期淮河流域降水存在显著负相关;与后期春季中国两河流域降水存在显著负相关,与两河流域气温存在显著正相关。     

西拉木伦河流域降水和径流特征分析

在搜集整理西拉木伦河流域近30a(1981—2010年)降水资料和同期径流数据的基础上,运用统计方法分析了该流域的降水和径流年内和年际变化特征,并对年降水量和径流二者之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西拉木伦河流域年内降水分配不均匀,降水主要集中在夏季,近30a年际降水量呈波动减少趋势。受降水影响,西拉木伦河流域径流年际变化同样也较为强烈。以西拉木伦河流域年降水量、径流量建立数学模型为:Q=-4.624+0.029P年(R=0.706)。     

气候变化对呼图壁河径流量的影响

依据呼图壁河青年干渠渠首水文站1979—2005年径流量资料和呼图壁县气象站同期历史气候资料,统计分析了27a来呼图壁河径流的年内分布特征、多年变化规律以及呼图壁河流域气候变化对河流径流的影响。结果表明:径流量年内分配极不均匀,11月—3月几乎无径流产生,而4月—10月径流十分集中,水热同期的气候特点是形成呼图壁河径流年内分配不均的根本原因;径流量的年际变化较稳定,变差系数仅0.14;27a来呼图壁河年径流量表现出较明显的递增趋势,平均增加倾向率为0.157×108m3.10a-1;降水是影响河川径流的主要气候因素,27a来降水量呈增多趋势是导致呼图壁河年径流量递增的主要原因。气温升高,加快了冰川、积雪融水的产生,对增加和稳定径流也具有重要作用。     

玛纳斯河流域气候变化对参考蒸散量的影响

蒸散量是内陆水循环的重要环节,探索西北干旱半干旱区气候因素对蒸散量的影响,有助于深入研究内陆水循环对气候变化的响应。本文利用玛纳斯河流域1964—2010年6个气象台站的日气温、风速、相对湿度等气候资料,通过Penman-Monteith公式估算玛纳斯河流域的参考作物蒸散量(RET),利用回归分析、Mann-Kendall等方法分析研究参考作物蒸散量的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)玛纳斯河流域参考作物蒸散量空间差异明显,除石河子外南部绿洲区参考作物蒸散量均大于北部绿洲边缘区,季节变化趋势也较北部明显。从季节上来看,玛纳斯河流域参考作物蒸散量季节变化差异显著,夏季是参考作物蒸散量变化的主要贡献者,其次是秋季大于春季,冬季的变化最小。(2)南部绿洲区平均风速的减小是参考作物蒸散量减少的主要原因,北部绿洲边缘区相对湿度的增加是参考作物蒸散量减少的主要原因。     

大渡河流域积雪特征及其与气候要素和径流的关系

利用MOD10A2遥感影像提取大渡河流域2010~2014年积雪覆盖数据,结合水文气象站点数据分析了大渡河流域积雪时空分布特征及气象因子-积雪面积-径流之间的关系。结果表明:年平均积雪面积最大的是康定,最小的是泸定。积雪在冬季最大,夏季积雪最少。积雪面积变化随月份起伏明显,积雪过程集中在10月到次年4月。降水和气温变化较一致,其峰值滞后于积雪面积峰值。积雪和气温、降水的相关性表明,积雪面积与气温、降水呈负相关,且气温与积雪面积相关性更大。径流的变化具有周期性,5月开始迅速增大,7月达到最大值。径流和积雪以及气象因子的相关性分析表明,径流与积雪面积呈负相关,与气温和降水都是正相关,且径流与降水相关性更大。      

利用气象卫星资料研究祁连山区植被和积雪变化

利用1989年和1998年NOAA气象卫星资料，提取植被、积雪等信息，分析了十年来祁连山自然保护区植被空间分布状况及其变化特征，研究了祁连山积雪年变化和1989与1998年年代变化特征，结果表明:祁连山保护区主体部分十年来植被退化严重，且退化植被以灌木林和草为主；祁连山区积雪年变化基本特点是呈双峰形，但不同流域积雪的年变化存在一定差异。1998年各流域旬平均积雪面积均较1989年减小，自西向东减小幅度逐渐增大，党河流域减小2.17%，西营河流域减小10.05%。1998年和1989年春季积雪面积相差不大，但冬季积雪明显少于1989年。由于1998年气温明显偏高，使得山区积雪融化速度加快，1998年积雪面积随时间变化振幅加大。     

江苏省冬季气温、降水年代际异常及相关分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和江苏省冬季气温、降水资料,运用带通滤波、经验正交分解(EOF)和相关分析等方法,分析了江苏省冬季气候年代际异常及同期气温与降水的相关特征.结果表明:江苏省冬季气候的年代际变化具有很好的空间一致性,表现为全省整体偏暖(偏冷)和偏涝(偏旱)的趋势;冬季气候存在明显的年代际突变,时间在1980s中期前后,平均气温从偏冷时期向偏暖时期转换,降水由偏少期向偏多时期转换.通过冬季同期降水和气温的相关分析发现,降水和气温具有一定的正相关性,而他们的年代际分量的正相关性更为显著,这与冬季大气环流场和海温场的年代际变化有密切的关系.     

疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候的响应

为了明确疏勒河流域极端水文事件对极端气候事件的响应关系,选取疏勒河流域内及其周边的托勒、敦煌、瓜州、玉门、酒泉、马鬃山等气象站点的气温、降水和蒸发的日值数据,昌马堡水文站的日径流数据,通过趋势分析、滑动平均、主成分分析等方法,分析疏勒河流域极端气候指数、极端水文事件的年际变化规律以及影响极端水文事件的因素,并明确该流域极端洪水年内分布特征。结果表明:疏勒河流域年际气温升高趋势明显,降水量呈波动变化,增加趋势不明显,而蒸发量呈下降的变化趋势。表征高温的极端气温指数呈显著上升趋势,表征低温的极端气温指数呈显著下降趋势,说明疏勒河流域气温增幅明显。极端降水指数呈显著的增加趋势。该流域极端洪水事件和频次呈上升趋势,而极端枯水事件和频次呈下降趋势。极端洪水事件主要受控于极端降水事件,特别是极端降水总量,极端高温事件对极端洪水总量的增加也有影响,而极端枯水事件主要受控于极端低温事件。此外,2000-2016年年最大洪峰流量出现的时间有由8月向7月转变的趋势。     

基于TM和ETM~+数据的玛纳斯河流域积雪时空分布特征研究

为了进一步研究玛纳斯河流域积雪的时空分布特征以及影响因素,应用遥感技术,以Landsat TM(美国地球资源探测卫星系统上加载的专题绘图资料)以及ETM+(增强型专题绘图资料)为数据源,利用雪盖指数法对研究区进行了积雪信息提取。通过对提取积雪信息的研究,分析了研究区的积雪时空分布的特征,并详细分析了高程、坡度、坡向以及其他因素对于积雪分布的影响。结果表明研究区积雪空间分布随高度和地形变化非常明显,积雪主要分布高海拔地区,而山间河谷地带则相对较少,同时积雪受季节影响较大,主要集中在秋、冬、春3个季节;并得出高程、坡向对积雪分布影响比较大,而坡度对积雪分布影响则相对较小的规律特征。     

Transposed Climates for Study of Water Supply Variability on the Laurentian Great Lakes

Hydrological models of the Great Lakes basin were used to study the sensitivity of Great Lakes water supplies to climate warming by driving them with meteorological data from four U.S. climate zones that were transposed to the basin. Widely different existing climates were selected for transposition in order to identify thresholds of change where major impacts on water supplies begin to occur and whether there are non-linear responses in the system. The climate zones each consist of 43 years of daily temperature and precipitation data for 1,000 or more stations and daily evaporation-related variables (temperature, wind speed, humidity, cloud cover) for approximately 20–35 stations. A key characteristic of these selected climates was much larger variability in inter-annual precipitation than currently experienced over the Great Lakes. Climate data were adjusted to simulate lake effects; however, a comparison of hydrologic results with and without lake effects showed that there was only minor effects on water supplies.     

青藏高原雪盖变化对我国气候的影响

青藏高原雪盖是影响我国气候的一个重要因子,除了具有明显的季节变化之外,还有明显的年际变化和年代际变化．它通过改变高原的热力作用而影响东亚季风进程、大气环流以及我国的气温和降水．雪盖具有较为明显的持续性,且具有振幅变化大的特点,人们越来越重视雪盖的气候效应和作为季度预报因子的作用．     

Sensitivity Analysis of Snow Cover to Climate Change Scenarios and Their Impact on Plant Habitats in Alpine Terrain

In high altitude areas snow cover duration largely determines the length of the growing season of the vegetation. A sensitivity study of snow cover to various scenarios of temperature and precipitation has been conducted to assess how snow cover and vegetation may respond for a very localized area of the high Swiss Alps (2050–2500 m above sea level). A surface energy balance model has been upgraded to compute snow depth and duration, taking into account solar radiation geometry over complex topography. Plant habitat zones have been defined and 23 species, whose photoperiodic preferences were documented in an earlier study, were grouped into each zone. The sensitivity of snowmelt to a change in mean, minimum and maximum temperature alone and a change in mean temperature combined with a precipitation change of +10% in winter and −10% in summer is investigated. A seasonal increase in the mean temperature of 3 to 5 K reduces snow cover depth and duration by more than a month on average. Snow melts two months earlier in the rock habitat zone with the mean temperature scenario than under current climate conditions. This allows the species in this habitat to flower earlier in a warmer climate, but not all plants are able to adapt to such changes.     

Relationship between winter snow cover days in Northeast China and rainfall near the Yangtze River basin in the following summer

Based on observed snow and precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the relationship between the number of winter snow cover days in Northeast China and the following summer’s rainfall in the northern part of southern China is analyzed and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.The results indicate that a negative relationship is significant throughout the study period,especially more obvious after the 1980s.The pre-winter circulation patterns in years with more snow cover days and less summer rainfall in the south bank of the Yangtze River are almost the same.In years with more snow cover days,lower temperatures at the lower level over Northeast China are found in winter and spring.The winter monsoon is weaker and retreats later in these years than in those with fewer snow cover days.In spring of years with more snow cover days,anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over Northeast China,and anomalous northerly wind is found in eastern China.In summer of these years,anomalous northeasterly wind at the lower level is found from the area south of the Yangtze River to the East China Sea and Yellow Sea;and with less southwesterly water vapor transport,the rainfall in the area south of the Yangtze River is less than normal,and the opposite patterns are true in years with fewer snow cover days.In recent years,the stable relationship between winter snow cover in Northeast China and summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin can be used for summer rainfall prediction.The results are of great importance to short-term climate prediction for summer rainfall.     

基于MTM-SVD方法的黄河流域夏季降水年际变化及其主要影响因子分析

应用中国气象台站积雪日数资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及多锥度—奇异值分解方法 (MTM-SVD),分析了近50年来黄河流域夏季降水的时空变化及其影响因子.发现黄河流域夏季降水存在显著的2～3年周期.在准3年周期上黄河流域夏季降水对前冬青藏高原东部积雪日数有很好的响应,当前冬高原积雪日数以正 (负) 异常为主时,接下来的夏季黄河流域降水偏少 (多).这种响应存在年代际变化,在1983年之前最为明显,1983~1993年是个调整时期,1993年以后又开始明显.在准2年周期上黄河流域夏季降水对前冬西太平洋暖池SST有很好的响应,当前冬西太平洋暖池SST偏高 (低) 时,接下来的夏季黄河流域降水表现为东多 (少)西少 (多) 型.这一响应同样存在年代际变化.前冬高原积雪和西太平洋暖池SST是影响黄河流域夏季降水的重要因子.     

年代际气候变化与1998年长江大水

由于海温、高原积雪和大气环流异常等特定条件,引发了１９９８年夏季长江的特大洪涝,而９０年代的气候特征也对１９９８年长江大水起到一定的作用。从中国夏季降水、大气环流、冬季高原积雪和海温等方面分析年代际气候变化对１９９８年长江大水提供有利的气候环境。     

Coupling climate change with hydrological dynamic in Qinling Mountains, China

This study intends to disclose orographic effects on climate and climatic impacts on hydrological regimes in Qinling Mountains under global change background. We integrate a meteorological model (MM5 model, PSU/NCAR, 2005) and a hydrological model (SWAT model, 2005) to couple hydrological dynamic with climate change in Qinling Mountains. Models are calibrated and validated based on the simulation of different combined schemes. Following findings were achieved. Firstly, Qinling Mountains dominantly influence climate, and hydrological process in Weihe River and upper Hanjiang River. Results show that Qinling Mountains lead to a strong north–south gradient precipitation distribution over Qinling Mountains due to orographic effects, and it reduces precipitation from 10–25 mm (December) to 55–80 mm (August) in Weihe River basin, and adds 25–50 mm (December) or 65–112 mm (August) in upper Hanjiang River basin; evapotranspiration (ET) decrease of 21% in Weihe River (August) and increase 10.5% in upper Hanjiang River (July). The Qinling Mountains reduce water yields of 23.5% in Weihe River, and decrease of 11.3% in upper Hanjiang River. Secondly, climate change is responsible for the changes of coupling effects of rainfall, land use and cover, river flow and water resources. It shows that average temperature significantly increased, and precipitation substantially reduced which leads to hydrological process changed greatly from 1950 to 2005: temperature increased and precipitation decreased, climate became drier in the past two decades (1980–2005), high levels of precipitation exists in mid-1950, mid-1970, while other studied periods are in low level states. The inter-annual variation in water yield correlates with surface runoff with an R ² value of 0.63 (Weihe River) and 0.87 (upper Hanjiang River). It shows that variation of annual precipitation was smaller than that of seasonal precipitation.     

Analysis of climatic variability and snow cover in the Kaligandaki River Basin,Himalaya, Nepal

Various remote sensing products and observed data sets were used to determine spatial and temporal trends in climatic variables and their relationship with snow cover area in the higher Himalayas, Nepal. The remote sensing techniques can detect spatial as well as temporal patterns in temperature and snow cover across the inaccessible terrain. Non-parametric methods (i.e. the Mann–Kendall method and Sen's slope) were used to identify trends in climatic variables. Increasing trends in temperature, approximately by 0.03 to 0.08 °C year^?1 based on the station data in different season, and mixed trends in seasonal precipitation were found for the studied basin. The accuracy of MOD10A1 snow cover and fractional snow cover in the Kaligandaki Basin was assessed with respect to the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-based snow cover area. With increasing trends in winter and spring temperature and decreasing trends in precipitation, a significant negative trend in snow cover area during these seasons was also identified. Results indicate the possible impact of global warming on precipitation and snow cover area in the higher mountainous area. Similar investigations in other regions of Himalayas are warranted to further strengthen the understanding of impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources and extreme hydrologic events.     

帕米尔高原东部径流量变化及其对气候变化的响应

水资源是制约中国西北干旱区社会经济可持续发展和生态安全的关键因素。以发源于帕米尔高原东部的喀什噶尔河和叶尔羌河流域为研究区,基于该区6个气象站月平均气温和降水量观测资料,以及5条代表性河流的出山口水文站1950年代晚期以来的月径流量观测数据,分析了该区域气候和水文年际变化特征,以及气候变化背景下径流量的响应特征。结果发现：(1)研究区降水、气温都呈显著上升趋势,除盖孜河外,所有河流径流量均呈显著上升趋势。河流径流量的年内分布和年际变化特征反映了各河流径流主要补给来源的差异。(2)帕米尔高原东部河流出山口径流量受到气温和降水的共同影响,其中以冰川补给为主的叶尔羌河、库山河和盖孜河年径流量与当年夏季（6—8月）气温显著正相关（P<0.001);以降水和积雪补给为主的提孜那甫河和克孜河年径流量与上年7月至当年6月降水量显著正相关（P<0.001)。(3)随着气温升高和降水量增加,流域的蒸发加剧,帕米尔高原东部河流径流量对气候变化的响应出现了明显的变化：年径流量与夏季气温的正相关关系减弱,与上年7月至当年6月降水量正相关增强。