西大西洋锋面气旋过程的数值模拟和等熵分析

文中使用PSU/NCARMM 5非静力数值模式对 1992年 3月 13～ 15日发生在西大西洋上的一次海洋气旋爆发过程进行了 6 0h的模拟 ;基于倾斜涡度发展理论 ,从等熵面倾斜的角度研究了气旋的发生、发展、运动和变化 ,利用高分辨率模拟结果对这次过程进行了分析。模拟结果很好地再现了气旋的发生、移动、加深、气旋的热力结构以及地面环流等特征。其中主要气旋M在6 0h的模拟中共降压 4 5hPa ;第 36～ 4 2时 (模式时间 ) 6h内降压达 12hPa。剖面图及等熵面图分析指出 ,气旋的发生、发展、运动和变化与等熵面或等相当位温面的倾斜密切相关 ,气旋中心总是位于等熵面或等相当位温面近于垂直的对流中性地区 ,这与倾斜涡度发展理论的阐述是一致的。气旋在弱静力稳定度的海洋表面启动发展之后 ,气旋与大尺度环境场相互作用 ,气旋得到迅速发展。“倾斜涡度发展理论”(以下简称SVD理论 )可以很好地解释此次海洋锋面气旋的发展与移动。气旋的发展和移动与等熵面的倾斜密切相关 ,发展期气旋前部及其移动路径前方自组织的斜升气流与倾斜的等熵面相配合 ,共同构成上滑“倾斜涡度发展”(SVD理论的推广 ,以下简称USVD理论 )的必要因子 ,在一定的条件下 (C·D<0 ,CD 为SVD指数 ) ,使得气旋及其前方 ,尤其是移动路径前方出现USVD发     

AN EXPERIMENT STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN*

By using PSU/NCAR MM5 mesoscale model,a 60-h simulation is performed to reproduce a frontal cyclogenesis over the Western Atlantic Ocean during March 13-15 1992.The model reproduces well the genesis,track and intensity of the cyclone,its associated thermal structure as well as its surface circulation.The major cyclone (M) deepens 45 hPa in the 60-h simulation and 12 hPa in 6 hours from 36 h to 42 h (model time) and 27 hPa in 24 hours from 36 h to 60 h (model time).Cross-section and isentropic analysis tell us that the cyclogenesis is in very close relation with slantwise isentropic surfaces;the cyclone is always superposed on the core of neutral convective stability with nearly vertical isentropic surfaces,which coincides with what the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD) says.Beginning with the theory of SVD,the development and propagation of the oceanic frontal cyclone are studied by using high-resolution model output in the context of slantwise isentropic surfaces.The results show that the frontal cyclone deepens rapidly by the interaction with the large-scale environment after occurring over the ocean with weak static stability;and the theory of SVD can well interpret the development and propagation closely related with slantwise isentropic surfaces,The downstream slantwise up-sliding movement along canting isentropic surfaces makes vorticities develop (USVD) under favorable condition (C_D<0,where CD is SVD index),and results in the moving and development of the cyclone.     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.     

Characterizing the severe turbulence environments associated with commercial aviation accidents. Part 2: Hydrostatic mesoscale numerical simulations of supergradient wind flow and streamwise ageostrophic frontogenesis

Summary Simulation experiments reveal key processes that organize a hydrostatic environment conducive to severe turbulence. The paradigm requires the juxtaposition of the entrance region of a curved jet streak, which is highly subgeostrophic, with the entrance region of a straight jet streak, which is highly supergeostrophic. The wind and mass fields become misphased as the entrance regions converge, resulting in significant spatial variation of inertial forcing, centripetal forcing, as well as along and cross-stream pressure gradient forcing over a meso- scale region. Maxima of these forces are misphased where the two dissimilar jet streaks converge and geostrophic balance is disrupted. Velocity divergence within the subgeostrophic region of largest upstream-directed pressure gradient force and velocity convergence near the region of largest downstream-directed centripetal/inertial-advective forcing act to produce a mesoscale front due to spatially varying confluent flow flanked by zones of increasing velocity divergence. This results in frontogenesis as well as the along-stream divergence of cyclonic and convergence of cyclonic ageostrophic vertical vorticity. The nonuniform centripetally forced mesoscale front becomes the locus of large gradients of ageostrophic vertical vorticity along an overturning isentrope. This region becomes favorable for streamwise vorticity gradient formation enhancing the environment for the organization of horizontal vortex tubes in the presence of buoyant forcing. This is because the mesoscale convergence of vertical vorticity on an overturning isentropic surface creates vertical rotation for the development of horizontal vorticity in regions where isentropic surfaces overturn. Vorticity, shear, and buoyancy are focused in one location by this front thus favoring an environment favorable for microvortex formation leading to turbulence.     

ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL VORTICITY LOCATED AT SOUTH EDGE OF SOUTH ASIA HIGH ON INTENSIFICATION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

The NCEP 1°×1°reanalysis of June-to-September dataset between 2002 to 2009 is used in this study to conduct statistical analysis of the relationship between the environmental potential vorticity(PV)on 150 hPa located at the south edge of South Asia High(SAH)and TCs making landfall.The results show that 23 of the TCs are affected by the PV on 150 hPa located at the south edge of SAH between 2002 to2009,and three TCs'center pressure decline after the high-value environmental PV moves to the center of the TCs.These three TCs are Senlaku(0216),Bilis(0604)and Linfa(0903).Through diagnostic analysis from the viewpoint of isolines,we determined the relationship between the intensification of these TCs and the PV anomaly at high levels;the isentropic surface is close to the high level’s PV anomaly under the influence of the 150-hPa PV anomaly,leading to the decline of isentropic surfaces on both sides of the PV anomaly.Then the warm core of the middle and high levels of the TC strengthens and PV increases at the middle level,and both of them are beneficial to the reinforcement of the cyclonic vorticity in the low level.As a result,the center pressure of the TC declines.According to Wu’s theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development(SVD),the incline of the isentropic surfaces leads to the development of vertical vorticity,contributing to the vertical motion and the release of the latent heat.Then the warm core of the TC strengthens and the TC strengthens,too.Otherwise,piecewise PV inversion also shows that the high-level PV influences the mid-level more than the low level.     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY*

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.     

夏季江淮气旋的Ertel位涡诊断分析

本文应用Ertel位势涡度的理论,分析了两例夏季江准气旋活动的等熵面位涡图和位涡垂直廓线,讨论了这类系统发生发展的一种可能机制以及它们与典型温带气旋的区别,从而得出了夏季江淮气旋活动的一个概念模式:从高原一带东移的对流层中层弱的扰动在有利条件下引起江淮地区较强降水,中层潜热释放导致气旋性环流向下延伸,最终可在地面静止锋上形成波动。当副热带锋区北侧平流层下部空气沿等熵面南下时,气旋波可能发展成为典型的温带气旋。     

广义湿位涡理论及其应用研究

押重点介绍了诊断暴雨落区与强度的广义湿位涡理论研究方面的两个内容,一是由于暴雨系统中强降水引起的质量亏空导致的暴雨系统中质量强迫下的湿位涡异常理论,二是非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡理论;对暴雨系统中质量强迫的物理意义和非均匀饱和大气中的广义位温引入的思路与意义作了详细说明,并对位涡理论作了细致推导。在此基础上,针对暴雨个例,利用质量强迫的湿位涡异常和非均匀饱和广义湿位涡异常诊断了暴雨落区,从理论和诊断上论证了利用这两种湿位涡异常判断暴雨落区的可行性。     

Impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the development of moist potential vorticity anomaly during torrential rains

1. Introduction The Ertel (1942) potential vorticity (PV) has beenwidely used, especially in the studies of large-scale sys-tems (Hoskins et al., 1985; McIntyre and Norton, 2000;Wu et al., 1995; Wu and Liu, 1999). The vorticityequation in quasi-geostrophic ?ows only predicts thevariation of the vorticity and cannot provide a usefulconstraint to the vorticity. PV provides a constraintfor the variation of the vorticity in the baroclinic at-mosphere (Gao et al., 1990). The PV may not bec…     

北京7.21暴雨低涡演变的湿位涡分析

通过诊断再分析资料和数值模拟结果,从中层湿位涡守恒和低层湿位涡变化的角度分别对北京7.21暴雨过程中中尺度低涡的演变进行分析。结果表明,暴雨前期,对流层中高层高湿位涡的冷空气扩散南下,冷空气到达华北地区上空时,在有利等熵面的引导下从稳定层结向不稳定层结快速下滑,产生了剧烈的正涡度个别变化,使得低涡得到发展加强。另一方面,等熵面上冷暖空气的剧烈交汇在增强雨势的同时,也使得对流层低层至中层产生明显的涡度制造。在不考虑稳定度影响时,低层的非绝热过程引起的湿位涡制造与低涡发展有着很好的正相关,二者在位置上和量级上都有很好的对应。进一步分析表明,非绝热加热的水平不均匀分布是引起湿位涡变化的主要原因。     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical pro-files of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.Afterdiscussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences fromtypical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the mid-level of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation underfavourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cycloniccirculation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and becomea typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic sur-faces into the region of interest.     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS*

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development.     

山东省春秋季暴雨天气的环流特征和形成机制初探

对山东省春秋季暴雨的气候特征和影响系统进行了分析, 制作了春秋季暴雨的平均环流形势图。分析了2003年春秋季两次大范围暴雨的环流特征和影响系统及暴雨期间大气的热力特征和水汽输送特征, 应用k-螺旋度和倾斜涡度发展理论, 分析了暴雨的形成机制。结果表明:4月暴雨均受气旋影响, 10月暴雨以冷锋影响居多。2003年4月17—18日为气旋暴雨, 10月10—12日为切变线冷锋暴雨。两次暴雨前都有低空偏南风急流向暴雨区输送水汽, 大气强烈增温增湿, 对流不稳定度增大, 湿斜压性增强。强冷锋南下触发对流不稳定能量释放, 产生暴雨。暴雨期间低层正k-螺旋度猛烈发展。暴雨前期中低层MPV1 < 0且MPV2 > 0, 冷锋影响期间MPV1 > 0且MPV2 < 0, 都有利于倾斜涡度发展, 增强了上升运动。     

湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展

从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

强暴雨系统中湿位涡异常的诊断分析

从动力上推导了热力、质量强迫下的湿位涡方程，阐明了在暴雨系统中引起的强降水会造成热力、质量强迫下的湿位涡异常。并用NCEP1°×1°的分析资料对1999年6月23日到6月26日引起长江流域暴雨的对流系统进行了湿位涡诊断分析，分析结果表明湿位涡异常高度主要出现在700~500 hPa之间，中心最大值可超过1.4 PVU。从动力和资料诊断两个方面均揭示出湿位涡异常区与强降水区有很好的对应关系。     

全型涡度方程和经典涡度方程比较

在简要回顾经典涡度方程和全型涡度方程推导的基础上 ,比较了两种涡度方程的异同。集中讨论全型涡度方程新的物理内涵 ,证明了与稳定度和斜压性变化 (锋生、锋消过程 )相联系的内部强迫以及与摩擦耗散和非绝热加热相联系的外部强迫所诱发的涡度发展的机制。最后 ,指出了全型涡度方程的天气和气候应用前景。     

Discussion on the complete-form vorticity equation and slantwise vorticity development

The complete form of the vertical vorticity tendency equation (the complete-form vorticity equation) is derived from the Ertel potential vorticity equation to contain thermodynamic factors. In this study, a new complete-form vorticity equation, which has the same form as the original complete-form vorticity equation, is deduced from the absolute vorticity vector equation combined with the continuity equation and the expression of three-dimensional (3D) entropy gradient. By comparing the complete-form vorticity equation with the classical vertical vorticity equation, it is found that regardless of whether or not the isentropic surface is tilting, the two vorticity equations are in essence the same. The “baroclinic term” of the complete-form vorticity equation is exactly equal to the solenoidal term of the classical one, and there is a significant amount of cancellation between the two baroclinic items (the “slantwise term” and the horizontal vorticity change term) in the complete-form vorticity equation. In operational weather analysis, the tilt of the isentropic surface can be diagnosed according to the density of the isotherm on the upper-level isobaric map. For synoptic-scale motion, the vertical vorticity produced by the tilt of the isentropic surface is due to the contribution of atmospheric baroclinicity, which is measured by the solenoid. The 3D solenoid is parallel to the isentropic surface, so the more tilted the isentropic surface, the bigger the projection of the 3D solenoid in the vertical direction. The baroclinic contribution can be interpreted based on the PV thinking theory, but the relationship between the vorticity field and the potential vorticity field is not immediate.     

“98·5”华南前汛期暴雨的湿位涡异常诊断:质量和热力强迫的数值分析

利用MM5输出的高分辨率资料对“98．5”华南暴雨的湿位涡进行了诊断分析，分析了质量强迫和热力强迫引起的湿位涡异常。结果揭示：降水区位于负湿位涡的下方，负湿位涡的趋势走向与降水区的一致。造成本次暴雨的成因中包括湿对称不稳定和对流不稳定两种机制，湿位涡MPV（moist potential vorticity）的分量MPV2对MPV起主要作用，其中主要是MPV2v的贡献。质量强迫和热力强迫共同作用引起湿位涡异常变化，它们的作用大小相当，在研究暴雨时，不可忽略因降水造成的质量强迫。     

等熵面和湿等熵面倾斜发展的诊断分析

利用等压坐标系中的热力学方程和水汽方程推导出可以诊断分析等熵面（等位温面）和湿等熵面（等相当位温面） 倾斜变化的倾角方程。等熵面倾角的局地变化由倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项共同决定，而影响湿等熵面倾角局地变化的强迫项除倾角平流输送项、风速切变项和非绝热加热项之外，还包括垂直热量通量切变项。NCEP/NCAR实时分析资料的分析结果表明，大气斜压性、相对垂直涡度与等熵面和湿等熵面的倾角密切相关，它们的正高值区互相重叠；垂直风速切变项，特别是垂直速度的经向切变项是影响等熵面倾斜发展的主要强迫项，而纬向和经向风速的垂直切变项对湿等熵面倾角演变的贡献最大。     

A review of major progresses in mesoscale dynamic research in China since 1999

Mesoscale research conducted by Chinese meteorologists during the past four years is reviewed.Advances in theoretical studies include (a) mesoscale quasi-balanced and semi-balanced dynamics, derived through scale analysis and the perturbation method which are suitable for describing mesoscale vortices;(b) subcritical instability and vortex-sheet instability; (c) frontal adjustment mechanism and the effect of topography on frontgenesis; and (d) slantwise vorticity development theories, the slantwise vortex equation,and moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomalies with precipitation-related heat and mass sinks and MPV impermeability theorem. From the MPV conservation viewpoint, the transformation mechanism between different scale weather systems is analyzed. Based on the data analysis, a new dew-point front near the periphery of the West Pacific subtropical high is identified. In the light of MPV theory and Q-vector theory, some events associated with torrential rain systems and severe storms are analyzed and diagnosed.Progress in mesoscale numerical simulation has been made in the development of meso-α, meso-β vortices,meso-γ-scale downbursts and precipitation produced by deep convective systems with MM5 and other mesoscale models.