雷达风廓线反演在云南强降水预报中的应用

利用VAD(Velocity Azimuth Display)方法反演多普勒雷达垂直风廓线,并将反演风场应用于云南强降水过程的诊断预报。通过反演风廓线资料与探空实况、NCEP再分析资料的对比分析,发现VAD方法反演的风廓线与实况资料具有较好的一致性,表明该方法在云南是可行的;通过反演风廓线资料可以较为精细地监测和分析大气垂直方向上水平风场的不连续性,由此得到低空切变、温度平流和低空急流等系统的厚度和强度演变特征。相对于时、空分辨率不足的常规探空资料,雷达反演风廓线具有较高的时间和垂直分辨率,能够更为详细地揭示强降水天气过程中起重要作用的天气系统的主要特征和演变过程。因此,VAD风廓线产品对云南强降水天气过程的预报具有较好的参考价值和应用前景。     

GVAD技术及其在新一代天气雷达中的应用

天气雷达中VAD技术可求取雷达站上空水平风垂直廓线,梯度VAD技术(简称GVAD技术)为克服传统VAD技术受速度模糊影响较大而被提出。文中首先从理论上对GVAD技术进行模拟分析,再将其应用于新一代天气雷达实际探测的台风与大范围强降水速度模糊个例,分析其应用效果。理论模拟表明,GVAD技术较传统VAD技术可有效克服速度模糊对反演水平风垂直廓线的影响,加入的模拟噪声,也通过低通滤波方法有效抑制;在两次实际应用个例中,GVAD技术可较好克服速度模糊影响,但方位径向速度中的小波动或者噪声会在径向速度方位梯度中放大,尽管利用低通滤波进行了平滑,但其对反演水平风精度有较大影响,尤其影响水平风速反演精度,在个例中GVAD技术反演风速较传统VAD技术平均偏弱2~3m·s~(-1),模拟部分方位缺失并不影响GVAD技术的反演精度。需进一步研究减少新一代天气雷达径向速度资料中小波动或者噪声对GVAD技术应用影响的方法。     

非线性VAD反演低层风廓线拟合阶数优化方法

结合理论和SoWMEX试验 (西南气流试验,Southwest Monsoon Experiment) 的连续多普勒天气雷达观测资料和广东省阳江雷达资料, 对非线性速度方位显示 (非线性VAD) 方法反演低层低于2 km垂直风廓线精度和能力进行定量分析。结果表明:非线性VAD基本能反演出低层风廓线在空间和时间上的演变。但当雷达径向速度数据在方位存在较大的连续性缺测、体积扫描仰角较少时,因传统非线性VAD采用的速度方位显示 (VAD) 方法拟合阶数和垂直拟合阶数过高,反演的低层风廓线会存在较大误差,造成不合理高风速区和风廓线不连续。通过实际观测资料统计分析反演参数对非线性VAD的影响,提出基于连续性数据缺测间隔和不同仰角的多少的VAD和垂直拟合阶数动态调整方法。同锋面降水和台风降水两典型个例的实际探空比对显示,调整后的非线性VAD显著改进低层风廓线反演精度,反演的风廓线结构和变化与实况相符,反演平均误差小于2 m·s-1。     

基于多普勒雷达VAD算法的业务应用讨论

多普勒天气雷达垂直风廓线（V WP ）产品在业务预报中已有较广泛的应用,并得到了风廓线的某些特征结构与雷暴及强对流之间的对应关系。由于对多普勒径向速度反演得到风廓线产品的VAD算法缺乏了解,目前对VWP 及速度方位显示（VAD）产品的应用还存在一些误区。文章由单多普勒雷达反演水平风场的基本原理入手,回顾了VWP 及VAD产品在暴雨与强对流临近预报中的应用,并重点对VWP及VAD产品的业务应用误区进行了讨论。     

雷达VAD风廓线资料质量控制研究

多普勒天气雷达VAD（Velocity Azimuth Display）风廓线资料可以提供高时间分辨率的高空风场信息。本文针对中国雷达VAD风廓线资料，设计发展了面向资料同化应用的NMIC（国家气象信息中心）质量控制方案，该方案改进了NCEP（国家环境预报中心）方案中存在的问题。利用2020年2—8月的L波段秒级探空风场资料，分别对比质量控制前、经过NCEP质量控制方案、以及经过NMIC质量控制方案的VAD风廓线资料，统计分析结果表明经过NMIC质量控制方案的VAD风廓线资料最接近观测，准确度最高，并且在各个高度上其偏差和均方根误差最小，充分说明了NMIC质量控制方案的有效性。相对背景场偏差分析表明，经过NMIC质量控制方案的VAD资料偏差和均方根误差最小，与背景场的偏差更接近高斯分布，更能满足资料同化的要求。本文的研究有助于推进VAD风廓线资料在数值预报科研和业务中的应用。     

多普勒雷达风廓线资料可用性评估

利用阳江大气探测基地拥有多普勒雷达、L波段探空雷达和地面观测站于一体的条件,将多普勒雷达高密度的VAD风廓线资料与L波段雷达资料进行对比,分析其相关性,得出多普勒VAD风廓线资料在探测资料齐全时,与L波段雷达资料变化趋势一致;一般情况,多普勒风廓线探测值比同一层的探空风偏小;多普勒风廓线RMS误差资料代表多普勒风廓线资料与探空资料的一种差异趋势。     

资料同化中雷达VAD风质量控制研究

新一代天气雷达VAD(Velocity Azimuth Display)风作为多层次水平风矢量的垂直廓线,具有时间频次高、易与业务数值预报模式分辨率相匹配、影响质量因素复杂等特点。在数值预报中有效同化该资料,可改善低空风场资料不足等状况。本文根据变分同化中对资料质量的特殊要求,集成现有VAD质量控制方案后,设计了逐步拟合质量控制方案。再根据VAD资料不同误差来源,综合集成了现有的VAD质量控制方案,形成逐级综合质量控制方案。通过分析逐级质量控制方案得到VAD资料在同化中的适应性,发现该资料相对背景场存在偏差。进一步分析表明,出现这种偏差的原因在于选择用以反演VAD径向原始数据中存在许多不符合VAD廓线的数据。据此设计了逐步拟合质量控制方案,该方法可逐步筛选出用以反演VAD的径向速度数据,提取出数据中的简谐波特征。通过北京站雷达获取的VAD廓线与分钟级探空实测对比,发现通过逐步拟合质量控制得到的风速更接近实况。相对背景场偏差分析也表明,通过逐步拟合质量控制,观测相对于背景场的偏差得到有效修正。一个月的连续试验结果显示,质量控制后获取的VAD资料可基本满足同化中对资料的无偏要求。     

多普勒雷达VAD风廓线资料的质量评估

将2004—2007年浙江省温州多普勒雷达VAD风廓线和相邻洪家探空站同期经修正的探空风廓线资料进行对比统计,分析了两者之间的差异和相关性;对不同高度层以及三种不同降水系统中(大面积连续性降水、阵性降水、热带气旋降水)VAD反演方法的精度进行了研究,并分析误差来源。结果表明,VAD方法反演的风廓线与探空廓线之间具有较高的相关性。VAD方法对大面积连续性降水的风向和风速的反演质量最好,其次是热带气旋降水。风向、风速偏差最大的均为阵性降水。      

三维变分方法反演风场的效果检验

为研究三维变分方法反演风场的能力、在不同天气系统中的适用性以及在实际业务工作中的应用潜力,利用广州、深圳、海口、湛江、龙岩和厦门六部多普勒天气雷达构成三个双多普勒雷达系统,选取热带风暴、飑线和层状云降水三种不同类型的天气过程。以双多普勒雷达反演的风场为"真值",对风场三维结构进行了对比分析,并根据绝对误差、均方根误差和相关系数进行了定量的效果检验。结果表明,使用双雷达资料进行三维变分方法反演获得的风场结构与各类型天气的基本特征一致,能够较好地反演出飑线系统低层强对流区前缘阵风锋处的风场辐合以及热带风暴的气旋式环流。基于单部雷达资料和双雷达资料得到三维变分风场对比表明,使用单部雷达资料不能很好地表现强天气过程中的风场结构,对热带风暴的涡旋结构和飑线系统内部的辐合线结构的反演效果都较差,只有在风向沿雷达径向时才能得到较准确的风场结构;同时使用两部雷达资料进行风场反演,不仅降低了水平风向的反演误差,而且解决了单雷达反演风场时,雷达径向风分量反演结果较好、切向风分量反演结果较差的问题。误差分析结果表明水平风速和水平风向的反演结果都比较可靠,层状云降水的风场反演效果优于热带风暴和飑线系统的风场反演效果。     

基于多普勒天气雷达的垂直散度和温度平流廓线反演

垂直散度廓线可用于推断大气垂直运动情况,垂直温度平流廓线可用于推断大气层结是否稳定,有助于预报员推断本站降水演变趋势。鉴于我国多普勒天气雷达中还没有垂直散度和温度平流廓线产品,提出了这两种产品的反演方法。首先使用分层VVP方法从雷达体扫径向速度资料中反演出雷达站上空的垂直风廓线和垂直散度廓线,然后在假设大气处于地转平衡条件下,基于温度平流与地转风随高度的变化关系,从垂直风廓线中反演出垂直温度平流廓线。以两次大范围暴雨天气过程为例,反演了雷达站上空的垂直风廓线、散度廓线和温度平流廓线,并对反演结果进行了分析。结果表明:在雷达周围有大范围降水回波的情况下,使用分层VVP方法能合理地反演出雷达站上空的垂直风廓线和散度廓线;在这种情况下,反演的垂直风廓线代表各个高度雷达有效探测范围内的平均水平风,可近似满足地转平衡条件,因此,使用热成风方程能较为合理地从垂直风廓线中反演出垂直温度平流廓线;三个反演产品的合理性可用天气学理论和天气实况来解释。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on