江西"98.6"连续大暴雨过程云场特征分析

分析暴雨过程中各个阶段的云场变化情况．并结合中、小尺度系统分析部分云型与流场的对应关系。     

暖式切变暴雨前期云场若干特征

暖式切变是江西汛期引起强降水、暴雨的中、低层天气系统之一,它比冷式切变、低槽等系统较难追踪,提前出现的时间短,带有快速、突发的特征.研究它的前24小时、前12小时云场及天气形势特征对做好预报服务具有重要作用.本文根据近年来积累的一些典型暖式切变暴雨云图,论述它前期云场若干特征及与天气形势对应关系.     

云系模式研究:云场的宏微观结构模拟

用计算物理方法设计构造了一个云系模式，并用一个实例作为初始场进行了模拟，模拟的云场宏观特征与实况观测比较一致，微观结构比较合理，配套的模式输出数据处理和绘图程序包能给出云系的点（粒子谱）、线（垂直廓线）、面（结构剖面）、体（云场，云型，云量，云系形状）的多维宏微观结构的云场图象。     

乌鲁木齐地区暴雨云场研究

研究了乌鲁木齐地区夏半年暴雨过程的环境云场特征，以及直接影响乌鲁木齐地区的对流云团发生、发展与大尺度环境云场之间的关系，并对暴雨过程的物理量场特征进行了分析。     

庐山台风暴雨天气系统配置与云型分析

使用近10a以来登陆台风对庐山暴雨影响的历史资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)影响庐山的台风移动路径主要为中路,细分为中路Ⅰ型和中路Ⅱ型,其中对庐山影响最大的是中路Ⅰ型,其它登陆台风,中心位置＜25 °N或＞30°N,对庐山的影响都很小.(2)中、低层以及地面合成场存在一定的共性,即(32 ～42 °N,100 ～ 110°E)一带形成高压阻挡坝,长江以南地区、南海以及台湾处于闭合低压区内.这种配置是庐山台风暴雨常见的天气系统配置类型.(3)庐山地形对台风降水的增幅作用十分明显.(4)庐山台风暴雨主要有3种云型:①台风外围环流云型;②台风螺旋雨带云型;(③台风低压(槽)云型.这3种云型表明了台风3个不同阶段的特征,庐山台风暴雨主要与西风带系统和副热带高压阻隔作用、涡旋Rossby波激发的螺旋雨带、中尺度对流云团发展以及低层西南暖湿低空急流等因素有关.     

吉林省层状云中过冷水含量分布特征及人工增雨潜力研究

2001～2002年在实施人工增雨作业的同时利用美国粒子测量系统 ,对吉林省 5～7月降水性层状云进行了科研探测。通过对探测资料的分析 ,得到以下结论 :(1 )吉林省的降水性层状云主要分为 3种云型 :雨层云降水、蔽光高层云—层积云降水、透光高层云降水。其中雨层云中过冷水含量最大 ;(2 )云中过冷水含量与云底高度为负相关 ,与过冷层厚度为正相关 ;(3) 3种云型中距 0℃层高度以上 400～600m高度范围内过冷水含量达最大 ;(4) 3种云型的可播度为 86 %。雨层云的人工增雨潜力为最大。     

1991 年6月江淮持续暴雨的云系特征分析

通过对GMS静止卫星的红外数据处理，获得了1991年夏季江淮梅雨期暴雨大范围的平均云分布。对1991年6月6次江淮暴雨过程逐时和3小时的GMS红外云图动画和照片的分析，得到了该地区梅雨期暴雨的三种中低纬云系相互作用的云型演变模型图，并利用由卫星气象中心处理的NOAA卫星的TOVS水汽反演资料，结合低层的θse和急流分析，给出了1991年6月江淮暴雨的水汽输送的一些特征。     

机载W波段雷达衰减订正方法的不同云型模拟对比研究

为了探讨适用于机载W波段(94 GHz,3.2 mm)测云雷达的衰减订正算法,根据大气和云的毫米波衰减理论,模拟在5种典型参数情况下的非降水云雷达回波强度,基于回波强度Z与云衰减系数k_c之间的关系,使用解析法等5种衰减订正算法进行回波订正试验,寻求最优k_c-Z关系系数,同时研究改变云液态水含量和云滴数密度(使典型云变成为非典型云)对订正效果的影响。结果表明,W波段k_c-Z关系系数a=5.096 5和b=0.491 9适用的云型接近于典型层积云,而逐库类法订正效果优于解析法和迭代法。在使用最佳k_c-Z关系系数情况下,5种订正算法对典型云的订正效果都较好,即使云厚增加到典型云厚度的2倍,订正误差仍小于5%。对于改变云液态水含量、云滴数密度、云厚度而表示的非典型云,虽然逐库法订正结果略优于逐库近似2法和逐库近似1法,但效果相近,在云不太厚时订正误差均小于10%。如果用“φ≤10%或20%”来评价其适用范围更广些,优于解析法和迭代法。但逐库类法对云液态水含量较敏感,导致“可订正厚度”减小、误差增大。因此,要尽量做好云型和云液态水含量的估算。      

风云静止卫星资料在一次暴雨云分析中的应用

基于LAPS系统和WRF模式,开展卫星、雷达、探空、地面等多源观测资料融合同化对暴雨过程云结构和模式模拟效果分析研究。介绍了卫星等观测资料在LAPS云分析和湿度分析中的应用方法,根据融合同化观测资料种类设计数值试验方案,研究我国风云卫星资料在LAPS云分析系统中的作用。结果表明,风云静止卫星图像资料的融合可明显改善暴雨过程LAPS云顶高度及总云量等二维云结构分析,并订正中高层及云顶的云量、云水、云冰、云分类等三维云结构的垂直分布,可描述暴雨过程三维云结构的发展演变特征。融合雷达回波资料可调整中低层三维云结构,并分析出雨水和雪等水物质参数。LAPS系统融合同化的观测资料越多,湿度场误差越小,可改进模式对强降水区的模拟,提高降水TS评分。     

云分类中逐个修改聚类和模糊聚类分类性能的对

利用卫星图像对各种云型进行识别在大气科学领域具有重要意义，为了深入了解云分类过程中逐个修改聚类和模糊聚类对各种云型的识别能力，采用极轨卫星EOS／MODIS图像资料和静止卫星GMS-5图像资料，在样本采集和特征提取的基础上。选择不同的光谱或纹理特征对两种分类器的分类性能进行测试和对比分析。结果发现，不管采用哪种图像资料，提取哪些特征量，逐个修改聚类的平均分类准确率总体上略高于模糊聚类。但就两种分类器对各种云型的识别能力而言，模糊聚类对低云和高云（如层云、薄卷云、密卷云、卷层云、积云）的分类准确率明显好于逐个修改聚类，而逐个修改聚类对积雨云的分类准确率稍高于模糊聚类。从各类别间混判的情形来看，积雨云和高中低混合云、低云之间及卷云子类之间混判的情形较多，模糊聚类与逐个修改聚类相比，混判的类别增多，相对比例减少。     

气象短信业务的发展分析

对2004年初期气象短信业务的发展方式和状况,以及2004年后期的发展模式进行了认真的分析,并对2005年气象短信业务的新增长点进行了阐述。认为2005年应进一步扩大发展商,并采取多样化的推广模式,以使订制率从目前的3%～5%提高到10%左右。     

Observations Of The Morning Transition Of The Convective Boundary Layer

The morning transition between the stable nocturnal situation and the daytime convective boundary layer (CBL) is of interest both for basic understanding and for initializing prognostic models. While the morning growth phase of the CBL has been studied in detail, relatively little has been published on the transition itself. In this paper, conventional observations of surface temperature, humidity, and turbulent fluxes,and data from a meteorological tower, are combined with measurements of the onset of convection by boundary-layer wind profilers to explore the timing and behaviour of the transition period. The transition is defined here as the period between sunrise and the time at which the depth ofconvection reaches about 200 m AGL. Diagnostic relationships based on surface heat flux, the temperature difference between 2 m and 200 m, and bulk Richardson number are explored. The transition is foundto be enabled by surface heating relaxing the surface stability, while the warming of the layerbetween 2 m and 200 m is in large part due to shear-driven entrainment.     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

萍乡市烟花鞭炮行业防雷实践经验小结

1萍乡市烟花鞭炮行业生产场所特点及雷击事故成因分析由于生产和贮存的特殊要求,烟花鞭炮生产场所主要有以下几个特点:一是大多建设在郊区的小山坡上,地势较高,土质干燥,且有部分为风化石,土壤电阻率较高;二是生产厂房等占地面积不大,高度较低,且相对分散,所以整个工厂面积较大;三是几乎所有的生产厂房、仓库都为“人”字形砖瓦结构建筑。由于种种原因,萍乡市烟花鞭炮行业95%以上的车间、仓库均未严格按照国家标准设计安装防雷装置。虽有极少数安装了防雷装置,但大部分防雷设计方案未经气象主管机构审核,防雷装置未请有专业资质的甲级单位施…     

江西省气象局徽标设计浅谈

从主题的确定、要素的挖掘及表现、形式美法的应用等方面,详细介绍了江西省气象局徽标的设计过程。设计制作的江西省气象局徽标,通过环绕的橄榄枝代表世界气象,通过中间的中国气象局徽标代表中国气象,通过杜鹃花代表江西,进一步体现了江西气象部门在弘扬“管天为民、追求卓越”的江西气象精神的基础上,将立足江西、面向全国、走向世界,努力实现江西气象事业的跨越式发展,从而为建设“四个一流”的江西气象事业和建设和谐平安江西,做出更大的贡献。     

Micaps V2.0本地化经验浅谈

根据抚州市气象台Micaps V2．0的运行情况,从参数检索控制文件的本地化设置、主窗口显示的工具条及控件框本地化设置,以及制作必要的新底图文件、参数启动文件、批命令文件和定义综合图等方面,探讨了地市级气象台Micaps V2．0本地化过程中遇到的一些问题,以及解决办法和日常维护经验。这对县级台站的Micaps V2．0本地化设置也有一定的指导意义。     

The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The Troposphere And Stratosphere

Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century.     

Calculation Of The Height Of The Stable Boundary Layer In Practical Applications

Currently used and newly proposed calculation techniques for the heightof the stable boundary layer (SBL), including the bulk-Richardson-numbermethod, diagnostic equations for the equilibrium SBL height, and a relaxation-typeprognostic equation, are discussed from the point of view of their physical basis andrelevance to experimental data. Among diagnostic equations, the best fit to data exhibits an advanced Ekman-layer height model derived recently with due regard to the role of the free-flow stability. Its extension to non-steady regimes provides a prognostic equation recommended for use in practical applications.     

自动气象站资料的可视化及其应用

利用VB6.0语言,对自动气象站记录的数据进行可视化处理,生成各种图形产品,并应用到日常的电视天气预报节目中,从而不但能及时向社会公众介绍最新的气象信息,而且也能通过各种气象要素的可视化显示,进一步丰富电视天气预报节目的内容,提高画面的可视性。     

对广西水稻气候区划的探讨

根据广西88个气象站的气候资料,以水稻安全生长季为指标,采用网格距为0.1×0.1经纬度的小网格气候分析方法,将广西稻作区划分为4个适宜气候区:晚熟双季稻适宜气候区、中晚熟双季稻适宜气候区、早中熟双季稻适宜气候区和单季稻再生稻适宜气候区。