基于L波段雷达探空资料的南京低空逆温特征

利用2010—2015年南京市逐日的08时(北京时间,下同)和20时L波段雷达探空秒级数据资料,研究南京市边界层内(2 km以下)接地逆温和悬浮逆温的出现频率、逆温层厚度以及逆温强度等,对该地区低空大气逆温特征变化进行了详细分析。结果发现:南京市逆温日的发生频率较高,达81.68%,其中接地逆温23.9%,悬浮逆温71.8%,早间发生频率高于晚间,月分布均表现为盛夏季节频率低,秋冬季节发生频率高。逆温层厚度也是夏季最薄,冬季到初春厚度较大;早间的逆温层厚度大于晚间的逆温层厚度,悬浮逆温厚度大于接地逆温厚度。南京市逆温强度夏季小,冬季大,有明显的季节变化趋势。逆温强度早晚差异较小,但接地逆温平均逆温强度是悬浮逆温的1.5倍。逆温强度达到2.0℃/hm的强逆温有50%以上出现在冬季。通过计算污染物浓度与逆温强度的相关性,发现污染物浓度(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO)与逆温强度有很好的正相关性,由此说明低空大气逆温层结状况对空气质量有一定影响。     

成都地区大气边界层逆温特征分析

针对污染气象条件对大气环境影响的问题,利用2010—2012年成都地区探空资料的温度数据,系统研究了成都地区逆温的结构及分布特征。结果表明:2010—2012年成都地区整体以贴地逆温出现频率最高、厚度最大及强度最强,其次为低悬逆温和高悬逆温。不同类型逆温出现的频率、厚度及强度也存在一定的季节差异,贴地逆温春季出现频率最高,厚度最大,其他各季差异不显著;冬季逆温最强,夏季最弱。3类逆温的日变化明显,08时逆温出现的频率和厚度普遍大于20时,且08时逆温强度大于20时。分析成都地区大气边界层逆温层特征,对了解成都地区污染物扩散规律具有重要的意义。     

银川市大气边界层逆温影响因素及其与冬季PM2.5的关系

为了探究银川市大气边界层逆温特征和影响因素及其与冬季PM_2.5污染的关系,利用2015—2020年银川气象站探空、地面气象观测资料及银川市空气质量监测数据,在分析银川市大气边界层逆温及地面气象要素特征基础上,以冬季为研究时段,探讨逆温与地面气象要素对PM_2.5污染的影响。结果表明：(1)银川市清晨大气边界层较傍晚更易出现逆温,且逆温多为贴地逆温,贴地逆温较悬浮逆温强度大、厚度小;逆温频率和厚度冬季最大、夏季最小,逆温强度秋季最强、夏季最弱。(2)冬季晴天,地面平均风速1.0～1.5 m·s^-1、相对湿度30%～60%的气象条件下易出现逆温。(3)贴地逆温是影响冬季PM_2.5污染天气的主要气象因素之一,当逆温厚度超过596 m、强度超过1.4℃·(100 m)^-1时,易出现PM_2.5污染天气,且随着逆温厚度增大、强度增强,污染加重。(4)冬季PM_2.5污染天气下,清晨天空状况多为晴天,通常地面平均风速小于1.3 m·s^-1     

持续性逆温天气对哈尔滨市空气质量的影响

利用2013—2016年哈尔滨市07:00和19:00探空逆温资料及哈尔滨市环境监测站空气污染物浓度监测资料,对哈尔滨市低空温度层结特征及其与主要空气污染物(SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5))浓度之间的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)哈尔滨市2013—2016年07:00持续性逆温天气出现频率是61.5%,19:00为58.8%。(2) 07:00和19:00逆温厚度月变化趋势基本一致,季节变化趋势也一致:冬季秋季春季夏季。(3)哈尔滨市冬半年逆温层出现频率明显高于夏半年,秋、冬季产生的逆温强度强于春、夏季。(4) 4年来哈尔滨市空气污染物浓度与持续性逆温频率、厚度呈正相关;与07:00逆温强度呈正相关,与19:00逆温强度的相关性不明显,说明哈尔滨市低空大气逆温层结状况是影响哈尔滨市空气质量的主要因素之一。(5)高纬冷平流弱,低层增暖,同时海平面气压场弱,大气水平和垂直方向输送能力差,从而使得污染物难以扩散进而堆积,这是持续数日重度污染的重要原因。     

呼和浩特市低空逆温特征分析

利用近10年(1991～2000年)呼和浩特高空站探空资料，分析了呼和浩特市大气边界层内低空逆温的气候特征，指出：辐射逆温出现频率高、厚度大、强度高、维持时间长，限制了大气污染物的稀释和扩散，是呼和浩特市冬季污染物浓度高，空气污染严重的主要原因之一。     

济南低空逆温层特征分析

利用2002—2003年济南逐日高空观测资料，统计分析低层逆温结构分布特征及其对空气污染的影响，指出：辐射逆温出现频率高、厚度大、强度高，限制了大气污染物的稀释和扩散，是济南市冬季污染物浓度高，空气污染严重的主要原因之一。     

基于L波段雷达探空资料的重庆市区低空逆温特征分析

利用重庆市沙坪坝气象站2005- 2009年L波段雷达探空观测资料,研究重庆市区接地逆温和悬浮逆温的出现频率、逆温厚度、垂直分布特征和强度状况,对本地低空大气的逆温分布特征进行了详细分析.分析结果表明:重庆市区低空大气全年均不同程度存在逆温层,低空逆温出现频率为93％,夏季发生的频率最高,冬季最低;逆温强度总体不大,07:00 和19:00接地逆温多年平均强度分别为0.53℃/hm和0.6℃/hm,为同时段悬浮逆温强度的2倍;从垂直分布特征来看,低空逆温呈现厚度薄且层次多的特点,层次最多时达6层.     

杭州市大气逆温特征及对空气污染物浓度的影响

利用2003—2009年杭州市逐日探空观测资料及杭州市环境监测站空气污染物浓度监测资料,对杭州市主城区低空温度层结特征及与3种主要空气污染物（SO2、NO2和PM10）浓度之间的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：杭州市主城区低空大气温度层结全年以弱稳定为主,一年四季皆有逆温层存在;冬半年逆温发生频率高于夏半年,逆温层厚度冬季较厚、夏季较薄,逆温强度秋季最强、夏季最弱。通过计算污染物浓度与逆温特性的相关关系,发现污染物浓度与逆温层底高呈负相关,与逆温频率、厚度、强度呈正相关,由此说明杭州市主城区低空大气逆温层结状况是影响当地空气污染程度的主要因素之一。     

近年朝阳地区大气污染时间变化特征分析

根据2003年朝阳市大气环境监测资料,分析了朝阳地区大气污染的时间变化特征。研究结果表明:由于朝阳市存在工业布局不合理,生产工艺、污染处理设施落后等问题,市区大气污染问题较为突出;朝阳地区低空逆温频率偏高,而且贴地逆温强度相对较强,非贴地逆温平均底高相对较低,使得污染源排放的污染物在逆温层下输送扩散,不利于大气污染物的稀释。     

杭州市大气逆温特征及对空气污染物浓度的影响

利用2003-2009年杭州市逐日探空观测资料及杭州市环境监测站空气污染物浓度监测资料,对杭州市主城区低空温度层结特征及与3种主要空气污染物（SO₂、NO₂和PM₁₀）浓度之间的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：杭州市主城区低空大气温度层结全年以弱稳定为主,一年四季皆有逆温层存在;冬半年逆温发生频率高于夏半年,逆温层厚度冬季较厚、夏季较薄,逆温强度秋季最强、夏季最弱。通过计算污染物浓度与逆温特性的相关关系,发现污染物浓度与逆温层底高呈负相关,与逆温频率、厚度、强度呈正相关,由此说明杭州市主城区低空大气逆温层结状况是影响该市空气污染程度的重要因素之一。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.