华北积层混合云中冰晶形状、分布与增长过程的飞机探测研究

利用中国国家科技支撑计划重点项目环北京地区3架飞机联合云探测试验数据,分析了2009年4月18日和5月1日两次积层混合云中冰晶形状、分布与增长过程。结果表明：飞机在0—-16℃范围的云层内观测到的冰晶形状主要包括板状、针柱状、柱帽状、辐枝状和不规则状。云中低层的冰晶形状受云顶温度影响,云顶温度不同,冰晶形状不同,当云顶温度高于-8℃时,云中低层的冰晶以板状和针柱状为主;当云顶温度低于-13℃时,在云中低层可观测到辐枝状冰晶;当云顶温度低于-18℃时,在云中低层可观测到柱帽状冰晶。同时冰晶形态还受其所处云中位置的影响,在积层混合云中的嵌入对流区含有更多的凇附状冰晶;在融化层以上,冰晶的增长过程主要包括凝华、凇附和聚合过程,在垂直方向上,随着高度降低云中过冷水增多,冰晶的凇附增长也相应增强。积层混合云中的对流区和层云区粒子谱下落拓宽速率有明显差别,在4.8—4.2 km（-11.6—-8℃）高度层,对流区粒子谱拓宽速率为3 mm/km,而层云区为3.67 mm/km,层云中粒子拓宽增长的速率略高于对流区;而在4.2—3.6 km（-8—-5℃）高度层,对流区的粒子谱拓宽速率为6.67 mm/km,层云区为2.33 mm/km,对流区的粒子拓宽增长速率是层云区的近3倍,主要原因是对流区低层的过冷水含量较高。     

过冷云风洞中初始冰晶的初步研究

本着重研究了在过冷云风洞中，温度为－４—１６℃，含水量为１．４ｇｍ＾－３，爆泡后增长４５ｓ的初始冰晶的一些特性。结果表明：（１）初始冰晶质量在－４—１３℃有两个峰值，它们是－５．７℃时的１．８×１０＾－８与－１１．４℃时的６．３×１０＾－８ｇ，而在－８．４℃和－１３℃时出现的极小值分别为２×１０－９ｇ和５×１０＾－９ｇ。（２）初始冰晶的浓度值随着温度的降低出现三个递减的峰值，它们分别是－４．２℃     

典型非球形冰晶粒子的凝华增长数值模拟试验

在凝华增长过程中,冰晶的形状随着温度和湿度的改变而改变,准确模拟冰晶粒子的演变对于提高云模式的模拟能力起着非常重要的作用。在现有的云模式中,冰晶形状通常假设为球形,而在实际大气中,冰晶形状十分复杂。本研究中,我们根据冰晶凝华增长理论模型建立了一个单个冰晶粒子增长模型,模拟了温度分别为-1℃~-30℃时,单个典型非球形冰晶粒子的凝华增长过程。与风洞观测数据相对比,该模型能够抓住单个冰晶粒子的轴长,质量以及纵横比随温度和湿度的变化过程。我们进一步将该理论增长模型应用到群粒子的凝华增长过程的模拟。我们釆用欧拉二维正定平流输送法(MPDATA)模拟了典型非球形冰晶群粒子的凝华增长,并对比分析了在不同纵横比分辨率下的模拟效果以及温度变化对冰晶形状的影响,结果表明运用该数值方法可以合理地模拟出群粒子在凝华增长过程中纵横比的演变。与目前采用的拉格朗日-欧拉混合平流算法比较,该算法能够耦合到欧拉动力框架下的分档云模式中去,这对我们研究冰晶粒子形状对云微物理过程和动力过程的影响,以及它们对冰粒子凝华增长的反馈作用具有非常重要的科学意义。     

春季吉林地区层状冷云中冰晶的形成与雪晶增长特点

1963年春季,利用铝箔取样技术对吉林地区的降水性层状冷云中的冰晶、雪晶进行了飞机观测。本文摘要给出云中冰晶与雪晶浓度的空间分布、雪晶形状和温度与晶体浓度的关系、雪晶直径随高度的变化以及在一次探测中观测到的雪晶谱的变化特点等观测结果。并根据这些资料对云中冰晶的形成、增长和云中固态含水量大小等问题做了初步分析。     

94/220 GHz星载雷达双波长比对非球形冰晶云参数敏感性分析

利用不同形状冰晶的散射特性,获得了非球形冰晶云的94/220 GHz测云雷达双波长比,探讨了非球形冰晶云的双波长比与云内微物理参数的关系,分析了衰减前后的星载雷达反射率因子及双波长比的垂直廓线。结果表明:（1）双波长比可以反映小到0.1 mm中值尺度的冰粒子,对粒子总数、谱的形状参数不敏感,对粒子大小、形状、云衰减较敏感。（2）雷达灵敏度一定时,星载雷达可测云厚与雷达波长、冰含水量（IWC）的垂直分布、云厚及衰减有关;没有进行衰减订正时,双波长比和衰减有关,冰含水量越大,波长越短,衰减越大,双波长比最大值与可探测云厚有关。两部雷达可探测冰含水量为0.001—0.1 g/m3、厚2 km的冰云;当云厚5 km、冰含水量垂直分布在0.001—0.2 g/m3时,云厚的94%基本可以被220 GHz云雷达探测到。（3）如果两部雷达气象方程中用水的介电因子,测量回波强度应进行介电因子的订正后再计算双波长比。      

冰晶粒子不同形状假定对辐射收支和气候的影响

将包含多形状冰晶粒子的冰云辐射参数化方案应用于全球气候模式中,详细讨论了冰云粒子从球形假定到多形状假定的变化对辐射场和气候场的影响。结果显示,冰晶粒子形状假定的引入对冰云光学厚度、辐射通量和加热率以及温度场均有明显的影响。采用新的冰云方案使得全球平均云光学厚度值降低0.28（23%）;热带地区降低最为明显,其差异绝对值可达1.02,而在中高纬度陆地地区,两者的冰云光学厚度差别较小。冰晶粒子形状假定改变将导致全球平均的大气顶出射长波辐射通量增加5.52 W/m2（2.3%）。与观测资料的比较表明,多形状冰晶粒子假定明显减小了球形粒子假定对长波出射辐射的低估。对大气加热率廓线的模拟显示,多形状冰晶粒子假定会减弱短波辐射对大气的加热作用,同时增强长波辐射对大气的冷却作用;在热带对流层中高层,这两种影响尤为显著。冰晶粒子形状假定的改变对温度场有明显的影响,热带地区的对流层高层大气温度降低幅度可超过1.5 K。研究表明,冰晶粒子形状假定的改变对模拟的辐射和温度场均有重要的影响。      

用于研究雪增长过程的垂直风洞

为研究雪增长过程,建造了一个产生过冷云的垂直风洞。风洞高18米,工作温度可低到-25℃。由超声喷雾器提供过冷小滴,用压缩空气的自动绝热膨胀来产生冰晶。对系统的运行可事先编好程序。注入下种冰晶后,降雪可持续约20分钟。在风洞中成功地生长出各种形状和大小的雪晶,包括直径2毫米的枝状雪晶和直径大于4毫米的雪花。     

冷云中冰晶浓度的分布特征

本文分析了世界气象组织于1981年在西班牙进行的增雨计划试验中法国飞机取得的云微物理资料。结果表明:(1)积云、层积云、雨层云中冰晶浓度值均可达10~2—10~3/升量级,其数值大小与云型无关,与云有无降水产生无关。(2)无论降水云或非降水云中在-3—-7℃范围内均出现高浓度冰晶,而在降水云中另外还存在二个冰晶高浓度区,处于-9—-12℃及-17—-19℃范围内。(3)发现在-3—-7℃温度范围内同时有大的软雹及大量的小冰针,並有相当数量d≤15μm和d≥24μm的过冷水滴存在,由此可认为-3—-7℃范围内出现高浓度冰晶可能是由于碎裂次生机制作用的结果。(4)产生降水的云,其云底温度与云顶温度之差值都达到或大于15℃     

华北层状云系人工增雨个例数值研究

利用耦合了CAMS详尽云方案和非静力中尺度数值模式MM5V3的CAMS中尺度云分辨模式对2008年3月20—21日环北京地区的一次层状云系降水进行模拟和人工催化数值试验。模拟自然降水分布与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析的基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明：在过冷水含量高且冰晶含量低的区域引入人工冰晶可使地面降水增加。引入人工冰晶后催化区域水汽明显减少,云水也有减少,冰晶粒子和雪粒子增加,而且水汽减少的量明显大于过冷云水的减少量。同时催化后550 hPa附近的下沉气流中心变为上升气流,动力、热力效应明显。雪碰并冰晶增长、冰晶转化成雪增长是催化高度附近雪晶增加的主要过程,而催化高度以下,雪碰并过冷云滴增长是雪晶增加的主要过程;雪晶碰并过冷雨滴增长是霰粒子增加的主要过程;雨滴碰并云滴增长是雨滴增长的主要过程。     

六角形冰晶的94 GHz毫米波后向散射特性的模拟计算分析

利用离散偶极子近似法(DDA),研究了等效半径Re在0.8 mm范围内的柱状和片状冰晶在不同空间取向、温度和尺度比时,对94 GHz雷达发射的水平偏振波产生的后向散射,并讨论了等效雷达反射率因子Ze随粒子谱中值直径及冰水含量的变化。结果表明,温度对后向散射效率的影响较低,空间取向对后向散射效率的影响与粒子大小和形状有关。当雷达波垂直指向天顶,在冰晶粒子等效半径Re0.8 mm时,水平取向冰晶的后向散射效率比随机取向大,粒子越偏离球形,差别基本上越大;在同一取向时,粒子越偏离球形,后向散射效率基本上越大。在一定冰水含量下,取向、形状和冰晶谱的形状参数对Ze的影响和粒子谱中值直径有关;对于垂直指向的雷达,如果将六角形冰晶等效为等体积球形冰晶,当粒子较大(0.4 mmRe0.8 mm)时,其Ze将被低估。     

长江中上游平原地区冬季雾观测分析

长江中上游年平均雾日数达到20~106 d,是我国主要雾区之一。利用2010年12月在江汉平原观测获得的边界层廓线和雾滴谱资料,重点分析了该地区冬季雾过程的边界层结构及其生消过程。结果表明:荆州冬季雾多出现在寒潮过境1~2 d后,多为平流辐射雾;雾顶发展是水汽在上层逆温下积累,并伴随200~300 m高度冷平流降温引起;近地层冷平流降温导致饱和水汽压减小,同时上层系统性下沉增温引起逆温增强,水汽积累促使强浓雾过程产生;低空急流促使外界偏干气流与雾体混合后雾滴蒸发,是该地区雾顶迅速下降的主要原因;平均数浓度为150~406个·cm-3,极大值达到1 983个·cm-3,平均液水含量为0.014~0.118 g·m-3,极值达到0.786 g·m-3,与南京和重庆强浓雾观测值相似,超过其他地区观测值。城市地区高气溶胶浓度,配合充足的水汽条件,使得荆州雾过程微物理参量数值较大,易出现能见度小于50 m,持续时间4~9 h的强浓雾过程。     

STUDY ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLUTING FOG IN GUANGZHOU AREA IN SPRING

Samples of fog water collected in the area of Guangzhou during February, March and April of 2005 are used in this work to study the chemical composition of fog water in polluting fog there. Three typical episodes of polluting fog are analyzed in terms of ionic concentration and their possible sources. It is found that the concentration of various ions in fog water is much higher than those in rainwater. Fog not only blocks visual range but contains liquid particles that result in high degree of pollution and are very harmful to human health. SO₄⁼ is the anion with the highest concentration in fog water, followed by NO₃^-.For the cation, Ca⁺⁺ and NH₄⁺ are the highest in concentration. It is then known that rainwater is more acidic than fog water, indicating that ionic concentration of fog water is much higher than that of rainwater, but there are much more buffering materials in fog water, like NH₄⁺ and Ca⁺⁺. There is significant enrichment of Ca⁺⁺, SO₄⁼, and Mg⁺⁺ in fog water. In the Guangzhou area, fog water from polluting fog is mainly influenced continental environment and human activity. The episodes of serious fog pollution during the time have immediate relationships with the presence of abundant water vapor and large amount of polluting aerosol particles.     

A New Tethered Balloon-Borne Payload for Fine-Scale Observations in the Cloudy Boundary Layer

A new scientific payload is introduced for fine-scale measurements of meteorological (wind vector, static air temperature, humidity, and air pressure) and microphysical (aerosol particles and cloud droplets) properties, suspended below a tethered balloon. The high resolution sensors and the tethered balloon are described. Measurements in a lifted fog layer from a first field campaign are presented.The detailed investigation of the fog/haze and the temperature inversion layer demonstrates the damping influence of the fog on temperature fluctuations, while thewind fluctuations are significantly decreased by theevolving temperature inversion, whichwas about 30 m above the fog layer.From spectral analysis the noise floors of the high-resolution sensors are determined to10^-6 kg m^-3 for the LWC (liquid water content) and 4 mK for the fast temperature sensor (UFT-B). The correlation betweentemperature and LWC structures in shallow haze layers is investigated. The release of latent heat and the corresponding warming in the haze of about 0.1 K could be quantified.     

Condensed water in tropical cyclone “Oliver”, 8 February 1993

On February 8, 1993, the NASA DC-8 aircraft profiled from 10,000 to 37,000 feet (3.1–11.3 km) pressure altitude in a stratified section of tropical cyclone “Oliver” over the Coral Sea northeast of Australia. Size, shape and phase of cloud and precipitation particles were measured with a 2-D Greyscale probe. Cloud/ precipitation particles changed from liquid to ice as soon as the freezing level was reached near 17,000 feet (5.2 km) pressure altitude. The cloud was completely glaciated at −5°C. There was no correlation between ice particle habit and ambient temperature. In the liquid phase, the precipitation-cloud drop concentration was 4.0 × 10³ m⁻³, the geometric mean diameter D_g=0.5−0.7 mm, and the liquid water content 0.7−1.9 g m⁻³. The largest particles anywhere in the cloud, dominated by fused dendrites at concentrations similar to that of raindrops (2.5 × 10³ m⁻³) but a higher condensed water content (5.4 g m⁻³ estimated) were found in the mixed phase; condensed water is removed very effectively from the mixed layer due to high settling velocities of the large mixed particles. The highest number concentration (4.9 × 10⁴ m⁻³), smallest size (D_g=0.3−0.4 mm), largest surface area (up to 2.6 × 10² cm² m⁻³ at 0.4−1.0 g m⁻³ of condensate) existed in the ice phase at the coldest temperature (−40°C) at 35,000 feet (10.7 km). Each cloud contained aerosol (haze particles) in addition to cloud particles. The aerosol total surface area exceeded that of the cirrus particles at the coldest temperature. Thus, aerosols must play a significant role in the upscattering of solar radiation. Light extinction (6.2 km⁻¹) and backscatter (0.8 sr⁻¹ km⁻¹) was highest in the coldest portion of the cirrus cloud at the highest altitude.     

Radiative Heat Transfer and Hydrostatic Stability in Nocturnal Fog

We have performed a one-dimensional and transient radiative heat transfer analysis in order to investigate interaction between atmospheric radiation and convective instability within a nocturnal fog. The radiation element method using the Ray Emission Model (REM²), which is a generalized numerical method, in conjunction with a line-by-line (LBL) method, is employed to attain high spectral resolution calculations for anisotropically scattering fog. The results show that the convective instability has a strong dependence on radiative properties of the fog. For the condition of a 20-m droplet diameter and liquid water content of 0.1 × 10^–3 kg m^–3;, the temperature profile within the fog becomes S shaped, and a convective instability layer forms in the middle or lower level of the fog. However, for the same water content and a 40-m diameter droplet, no strong convective instability layer forms, whereas for a 10-m diameter droplet a strong convective instability is observed.     

南海西北部一次海上海雾的微物理及化学特性分析

利用2017年3月MICAPS资料、欧洲气象中心再分析ERA-Interim数据及在南海西北部海上的海雾观测数据,分析了南海西北部一次海上海雾的微物理特征和雾水化学特性,并将海上海雾与南海岸边海雾进行对比分析。结果表明:此次海雾为南海偏南暖气流移至冷海面发生冷却并达到饱和而形成。海雾过程中气压与气温变化趋势相反,相对湿度不断增加,雾滴数浓度、液态含水量和平均直径的平均值分别为198 cm-3、0.116 g/cm3和5.6 μm。相比广东湛江东海岛和广东茂名博贺地区岸边海雾个例,本次海上海雾水汽充足,雾滴偏大。本次海雾属于酸性海雾,pH值变化范围为2.51~3.50,海雾后的雨水样本pH值则为4.05。海雾发生初期电导率比其它阶段高很多,说明海雾发生的初始阶段雾水溶解了大量的气溶胶。海上雾水中Na+和Cl-浓度最高,浓度分别为32 535 μmol/L和53 466 μmol/L,K+浓度远高于Mg2+和Ca2+,而东海岛岸边海雾相反。      

基于机载Ka波段云雷达和粒子测量系统同步观测的积层混合云对流泡特征

利用机载Ka波段云雷达（Airborne Ka-Band Precipitation Cloud Radar, KPR）和粒子测量系统（Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT）,分析了2018年4月22日黄淮气旋背景系统下积层混合云中对流泡的动力和微物理特征。首先,对Ka波段云雷达观测的山东地区春季36个对流泡样本按照回波强度、水平尺度、回波顶高三个参量进行统计,结果表明平均回波强度为20～30 dBZ的对流泡占69%。对流泡水平尺度为15～30 km,占61%。对流泡最大回波顶高集中在6～8 km,比周边层云高2～4 km。之后,对4月22日积层混合云中的对流泡个例微物理参数进行统计,结果表明对流泡内部以上升气流为主,最大上升气流速度达到1.35 m s?1,平均上升气流速度为0.22 m s?1;对流泡内过冷水含量比较高,最大含水量为0.34 g m?3,平均含水量为0.15 g m?3。对流泡内冰晶数浓度是泡外的5.5倍,平均直径是泡外的1.7倍。结合云粒子图像探头,发现对流泡前沿和尾部冰粒子以柱状和辐枝状为主,而对流泡核心区域冰粒子以聚合体形式存在。冰粒子通过凇附过程和碰并过程增长,过冷水含量不足时冰粒子的凇附增长形成柱状粒子,含量充足时可迅速凇附成霰粒子。对流泡内降水形成的微物理机制不完全相同,主要依赖过冷水含量。当云中有充足的过冷水分布时,高层冰晶通过凇附增长形成霰粒子,通过融化层后形成降水;当云中缺少过冷水时,降水的形成主要通过水汽凝华过程形成冰雪晶,然后雪晶通过聚合过程实现增长。     

Aircraft Measurements of the Microphysical Properties of Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection

The presence of embedded convection in stratiform clouds strongly affects ice microphysical properties and precipitation formation. In situ aircraft measurements, including upward and downward spirals and horizontal penetrations, were performed within both embedded convective cells and stratiform regions of a mixedphase stratiform cloud system on 22 May 2017. Supercooled liquid water measurements, particle size distributions, and particle habits in different cloud regions were discussed with the intent of characterizing the riming process and determining how particle size distributions vary from convective to stratiform regions. Significant amounts of supercooled liquid water, with maxima up to 0.6 g m~(-3), were observed between -3℃ and-6℃ in the embedded convective cells while the peak liquid water content was generally less than 0.1 g m~(-3) in the stratiform regions.There are two distinct differences in particle size distributions between convective and stratiform regions.One difference is the significant shift toward larger particles from upper -15℃ to lower -10℃ in the convective region, with the maximum particle dimensions increasing from less than 6000 μm to over 1 cm. The particles larger than 1 cm at -10℃ are composed of dendrites and their aggregates. The other difference is the large concentrations of small particles(25–205 μm) at temperatures between -3℃ and-5℃ in the convective region, where rimed ice particles and needles coexist. Needle regions are observed from three of the five spirals, but only the cloud conditions within the convective region fit into the Hallett-Mossop criteria.     

Ice crystal shape effects on solar radiative properties of Arctic mixed-phase clouds—Dependence on microphysical properties

Based on 1-year cloud measurements with radar and microwave radiometer broadband solar radiative transfer simulations were performed to quantify the impact of different ice crystal shapes of Arctic mixed-phase clouds on their radiative properties (reflectance, transmittance and absorptance). The ice crystal shape effects were investigated as a function of microphysical cloud properties (ice volume fraction f_i, ice and liquid water content IWC and LWC, mean particle diameter D_m^I and D_m^W of ice/water particle number size distributions, NSDs).The required NSDs were statistically derived from radar data. The NSD was composed of a liquid and a solid mode defined by LWC, D_m^W (water mode) and IWC, D_m^I (ice mode). It was found that the ratio of D_m^I and D_m^W determines the magnitude of the shape effect. For mixed-phase clouds with D_m^I ≤ 27 μm a significant shape effect was obtained. The shape effect was almost insensitive with regard to the solar zenith angle, but highly sensitive to the ice volume fraction of the mixed-phase cloud. For mixed-phase clouds containing small ice crystals (D_m^I ≤ 27 μm) and high ice volume fractions (f_i > 0.5) crystal shape is crucial. The largest shape effects were observed assuming aggregates and columns. If the IWC was conserved the shape effect reaches values up to 0.23 in cloud reflectance and transmittance. If the ice mode NSD was kept constant only a small shape effect was quantified (≤ 0.04).     

冰晶产生的非催化触发机制研究

本文研究了用压缩空气爆破(薄膜爆破,激波管等)和火药爆炸非催化方法触发冰晶产生的作用机制。我们通过大量实验认为超声波和冲击波的作用不一定能够触发过冷水滴冻结,而超声速气流的绝热膨胀冷却作用则是触发冰晶产生的确切机制。然后设计了超声速气流发生装置并在过冷雾中进行触发冰晶产生的实验。结果表明,超声速气流(M=1.1)触发冰晶产生非常有效。阈温为-2℃。冰晶产生的临界压强为2.1atm,阈压随实验温度升高而增加,当总压超过阈压0.2—0.3atm时,冰晶大量产生。这些结果与超声速绝热膨胀理论相一致。