FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF INITIAL DISTURBANCE OF TYPHOON FUNG-WONG (2008)

The formation of a tropical cyclone is the result of a process in which an initial disturbance evolves into a warm-core low-pressure system; however, the origin of the initial disturbance and the features of the initial fields are overlooked in most existing theories. In this study, based on FY-2C brightness temperature data and the Japan reanalysis dataset, the origin and evolution of the tropical disturbance that became Typhoon Fung-Wong (2008) were examined. The results demonstrated that the initial disturbance emerged within a saddle-type field with large vertical tropospheric wind shear. The vertical wind shear decreased with the adjustment of the upper circulation; moreover, accompanied by convection over the warm section around the upper cold vortex, it provided favorable thermal and dynamic conditions for the development of a tropical vortex. During its development, the zone of associated positive relative vorticity strengthened and descended from the mid-troposphere to lower levels. This rapid strengthening of lower-level vorticity was due to increasing convergence related to the intensification of the pressure gradient southwest of the subtropical high. This indicated that the upper cold vortex and West Pacific subtropical high played very important roles in this case.     

500 hPa Vorticity Analyses over Argentina: Their Climatologyand Capacity to Distinguish Synoptic-Scale Precipitation

Summary The Southern South America climatological 500 hPa relative vorticity mean state was examined using regional objective analyses of 500 hPa geopotential heights provided by the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional of Argentina. The dataset, covering the period June 1983 to July 1987, was stratified into two samples: the cold and warm seasons. Mean cyclonic vorticity south of 40° S results in a climatological trough over Patagonia with a northwest-southeast tilt. North of this latitude, mean anticyclonic circulation dominates with the exception of a centre of cyclonic vorticity over the Río de la Plata (35° S, 56° W). Seasonal changes appear to be small. Relative vorticity frequency distributions were also analysed. The association between precipitation and synoptic-scale features of the mid-troposphere circulation was investigated through vorticity fields. A particular distribution of vorticity anomalies associated with daily precipitation in Buenos Aires is revealed by biserial correlation coefficient fields. In winter, the strongest relationships are found between 35° S and 40° S over the Andes Mountains (minimum significant correlation coefficients indicating a cyclonic vorticity anomaly), and in the south of Brazil and east of Buenos Aires over the Atlantic Ocean down to a latitude of 40° S (maximum correlation coefficients related to anomalously anticyclonic circulation). This shows the preferential position of troughs and ridges that produce precipitation in Buenos Aires on the time scale of a day. In summer, centres of anomalously cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity associated with precipitation shift slightly southward. For moderate or intense precipitation in Buenos Aires, advection of warm and wet air southwards appears to be more important in winter, while in summer the strong anomalous vorticity gradient north of the negative centre over the Andes Cordillera favours rainfall in Buenos Aires. Received April 17, 1997     

Condensation heating of the Asian summer monsoon and the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere

The effects of condensation heating on the formation of the subtropical anticyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere (EH) are studied by means of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The complete vorticity equation is employed for the analysis. It is found that, due to the vertical gradient of strong condensation heating, the distribution of cyclone and anticyclone in the upper troposphere is out of phase with that in the middle and lower troposphere. This is confirmed by a series of numerical experiments. The horizontal gradient of the condensation heating also affects the configuration of the subtropical anticyclone. It is concluded that condensation heating is a key factor for the formation and location of the summer subtropical anticyclone in the EH. The latent heating released by the Asian monsoon rainfall contributes to the formation of the 200 hPa South Asian anticyclone on the western side of the heating center and the 500 hPa western Pacific subtropical anticyclone on the eastern side of the center. Such configurations are modified to some extent by surface sensible heating and orography. The circulation in mid-latitudes is also affected by the latent heating in the subtropical area through the propagation of Rossby waves. Received: 10 September 1999 / Accepted: 5 June 2000     

Simulation of formation of a near-equatorial typhoon Vamei (2001)

Summary A community mesoscale model is used to simulate and understand processes that led to the formation and intensification of the near-equatorial typhoon Vamei that formed in the South China Sea in December, 2001. The simulated typhoon resembles the observed in that it had a short lifetime and a small size, formed near the equator (south of 2° N), and reached category-one intensity. The formation involved the interactions between the scales of the background cyclonic circulation (the Borneo Vortex of order ∼100 km) and of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs, in the order ∼10 km). Before tropical cyclone formation MCVs formed along a convergent, horizontal shear vorticity line on the eastern edge of an exceptionally strong monsoonal northerly wind surge. The typhoon genesis is marked by three rapid intensification periods, which are associated with the rapid growth of potential vorticity (PV). A vorticity budget analysis reveals that the increases in low-level vorticity during the rapid intensification periods are attributed to enhanced horizontal vorticity fluxes into the storm core. The increase of the horizontal vorticity flux is associated with the merging of areas of high PV associated with MCVs into the storm core as they are advected by background cyclonic flows. The increases in PV at upper levels are associated with the evaporation of upper level stratiform precipitation and increases of vertical potential temperature gradient below the maximum stratiform cloud layer. It appears that two key sources of PV at upper and lower levels are crucial for the build up of high PV and a deepening of a cyclonic layer throughout the troposphere.     

Role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures in modulating northwest Indian winter precipitation variability

Summary The interannual variability of North-West India Winter Precipitation (NWIWP) has been examined in association with the variability of sea surface temperature (SST), surface air temperature (SAT) and upper tropospheric (200 hPa) wind patterns over India and the surrounding regions. We have considered data for a period of 54 years (1950–2003). During the years of excess NWIWP, the SST was above normal over the equatorial Indian Ocean, SAT was below normal over east Mediterranean Sea and over the Himalayan region and upper tropospheric westerlies strengthen and shift southwards. Upper tropospheric westerlies over north and central India was found to be related with the SST anomalies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The decrease of SAT over north India and surroundings may largely be a manifestation of cooling brought about by excessive precipitation and sweep of cold air advection in rear of the storms. The intensifying of upper troposphere westerlies embedded with a jet increases the upper level divergence over north India due to increased horizontal shear resulting in intense anticyclone at upper troposphere.     

引发暴雨天气的中尺度低涡的数值研究

2008年7月17—19日发生在山东的大到暴雨天气是由“海鸥”台风和副热带高压共同向山东输送水汽,与弱冷空气相互作用造成的。对流层低层的中尺度低涡是暴雨天气的直接制造者。利用常规观测资料和中尺度模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）的模拟资料对该中尺度低涡的结构及形成机制进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟可以清楚地捕捉到中尺度低涡东移过程中有新的涡旋中心形成,并与原来的涡旋中心合并的过程,而不是简单的沿切变线东移。中尺度低涡形成在增温增湿明显、上升运动为主的对流区内;中尺度低涡形成后其中心转为下沉运动,对流区东移,降水区位于低涡的东北和东南象限。中尺度低涡上空近地面层的冷池、600～400hPa的弱冷空气堆、900～850hPa的弱风区及高低空急流耦合发展是中尺度低涡形成和发展阶段的重要特征。中尺度低涡减弱阶段,下沉运动变强,低空急流和高空出流都明显减弱。涡度方程的收支表明,对流层低层的散度项、倾侧项及对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者。中低层的水平辐合、涡度由低层向高层的垂直输送都有利于中尺度低涡的形成和发展。倾侧项对中尺度低涡的形成也有重要贡献。中尺度低涡形成后期,低层辐合、高层辐散及垂直输送的减弱导致正涡度制造的减弱,从而使中尺度低涡减弱。     

2011年7月12—20日华北冷涡阶段性特征

利用常规天气、地面危险天气报、自动站加密、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,对2011年7月12—20日持续9 d的华北冷涡过程阶段性特征进行分析。结果表明:冷涡过程降水主要分布在内蒙古东北部、华北和东北南部,发展阶段对流性强,多雷暴大风和冰雹,水汽来源于西南和东南气流,850 hPa上有强暖温度脊,高空急流较完整;减弱阶段以短时强降水为主,水汽来源于偏东气流;两阶段700 hPa以下为斜压,上升运动区主要位于东侧;发展阶段500 hPa为干区,南侧存在干空气侵入和θ_e梯度;减弱阶段整层相对湿度较大,θ_e锋区及不稳定度减弱。中层冷平流及中高层正涡度平流随高度增强是冷涡发展的主要因子,冷涡减弱是由低层冷平流进入冷涡中心、中层冷平流及中高层正涡度平流减弱共同影响所致。     

A subtropical rainstorm associated with a tropical plume overAfrica and the Middle-East

Summary  Cloud bands that extend from the ITCZ along the subtropical jet toward the subtropics are known as ‘tropical plumes’. At times rainstorms develop at their subtropical edges. One such rainstorm swept eastern North Africa and the Middle East on 23–24 December 1988, with rainfall comparable with the annual averages there. This study examines the storm using the ECMWF initialized data together with surface observations and satellite imageries. The analysis indicates that the storm developed at the inflection region ahead of a pronounced trough in the subtropical jet, with which a mid-latitude trough was merged. Two ageostrophic effects taking place along the jet ahead of the trough contributed to the intensity of the rainstorm. One was associated with acceleration at the jet entrance, located at tropical latitudes, which contributed to the enhancement of both tropical convection and the southerly wind component, which enhanced the moisture tropical transport toward the subtropics. The second was the enhanced near-tropospheric divergence associated with positive vorticity advection at the inflection region itself. Since both effects have a quadratic dependence on wind speed, the observed jet speed, 50% larger than its average value, explains the observed divergence at the inflection point at the 200 hPa level, over 6 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹, and the vertical velocity at the 700 hPa level, about 10⁻¹ ms⁻¹. It is suggested here that the merging of a mid-latitude with the trough in the subtropical jet, with which the tropical plume is associated, is the cause for the intensification of the subtropical jet and hence of its related rainstorms. Received May 24, 2000     

Interannual variability in the onset of the summer monsoon over the Eastern Bay of Bengal

Summary Climatological characteristics associated with summer monsoon onset over the eastern Bay of Bengal (BOB) are examined in terms of the westerly-easterly boundary surface (WEB). The vertical tilt of the WEB depends on the horizontal meridional temperature gradient (MTG) near the WEB, under the constraint of the thermal wind balance. The switch in the WEB tilt firstly occurs between 90 and 100°E during the first pentad of May. At this time the 850 hPa ridgeline splits over the BOB and heavy rainfall commences over the eastern BOB, indicating the onset of the BOB summer monsoon (BOBSM). The area-averaged MTG (200–500 hPa) is proposed as an index to define the BOBSM onset. A comparison of the onset determined by the MTG, 850 hPa zonal wind, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) shows that the MTG index is the most effective in characterizing the interannual variability of the BOBSM onset. Strong precursor signals are found prior to an anomalous BOBSM onset. Composite results show that early (late) BOBSM onset follows excessive (deficient) rainfall over the western Pacific and anomalous lower tropospheric cyclonic circulation which extends zonally from the northern Indian Ocean into the western Pacific, and strong (weak) equatorial westerly anomalies in the preceding winter and spring. Prior to an early (late) BOBSM onset, significant positive (negative) thickness anomalies exist around the Tibetan Plateau, accompanied by anomalous upper tropospheric anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation. The interannual variations of the BOBSM onset are significantly correlated with anomalous sea surface temperature related to ENSO. These occurs through changes in the Walker circulation and local Hadley circulation, leading to middle and upper tropospheric temperature anomalies over the Asian sector. The strong precursor signals around the Tibetan Plateau may be partly caused by local snow cover anomalies, and an early (late) BOBSM onset is preceded by less (more) snow accumulation over the Tibetan Plateau during the preceding winter.     

1999—2008年夏季华北冷涡的异常特征

利用1999—2008年5—8月中国160站月平均气温资料、每日2次的MICAPS资料及每日4次的NCEP 1°×1°资料,通过定义一个夏季华北冷涡强度指数(NCCVI),研究了夏季华北冷涡异常年西太平洋副高、东亚季风、高空急流及低层垂直运动的异常特征。结果表明：夏季NCCVI异常强年500 hPa上贝加尔湖地区有气旋性环流发展,从贝加尔湖至我国华北地区为一显著的高空槽所控制,冷空气较活跃并随槽后引导气流扩散南下影响华北地区。对流层各层偏暖湿,200 hPa上高空急流偏强,700 hPa上高纬冷涡后部偏北气流加强,低纬偏南气流加强,冷暖空气在华北交汇,华北和东北地区低层上升运动发展。同期副热带高压偏强,位置略偏南;东亚夏季风偏强, 加强了水汽输送。夏季NCCVI异常弱年相反。     

高原低涡与西南涡结伴而行的不同活动形式个例的环境场和位涡分析

本文利用NCEP/NCAR-FNL再分析资料、历史天气图、青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴,通过分析1998~2015年持续高原涡影响西南涡结伴而行（简称两涡伴行）过程的活动形式,并对不同活动形式的个例进行了环境场与位涡分析,得出了不同活动形式两涡伴行的环境场特征,揭示了冷空气活动、200 hPa急流对不同活动形式的两涡伴行的影响原因。结果表明:（1）两涡伴行有三种活动形式,它们是高原涡诱发西南涡、高原涡与西南涡耦合以及同一天气系统下两涡,其中以高原涡诱发西南涡的活动形式占多数。（2）两涡伴行的500 hPa环境场主要是40°N以北东亚环流经向度不强,纬向气流主导,受500 hPa低槽、冷空气活动的影响;200 hPa环境场主要与200 hPa急流的强度、距急流核距离、在急流两侧的位置密切相关;不同活动形式的西南涡上空200 hPa、500 hPa环境场特征是有差别的。（3）受500 hPa低槽、冷空气影响的两涡伴行中的西南涡的生成是通过500 hPa高位涡空气伸入西南涡上空,造成西南涡上空斜压不稳定所至;在西南涡上空500 hPa斜压不稳定增强且具有较强的斜压不稳定时西南涡加强;200 hPa西南风急流影响高原涡诱发或耦合、加强西南涡是分别在高空高位涡下传影响到高原涡与西南涡上空、西南涡的情况下实现的,同一天气系统下,高空高位涡下传只影响高原涡,而未影响西南涡。     

“7.20”华北特大暴雨过程中低涡发展演变机制研究

利用中国地面加密自动站观测资料、北京地区雷达探测资料、NCEP （1°×1°） FNL资料、ECMWF ERA Interim （0.125°×0.125°）逐日再分析资料等,对造成2016年7月19-20日华北极端暴雨中的低涡系统发展演变的结构特征和加强机制进行了研究。华北地区这次特大暴雨过程出现了3个阶段降水,其中与低涡系统强烈发展对应的第2阶段降水是本次华北暴雨过程的主要降水阶段。针对该低涡的分析表明：（1）850 hPa以西南低涡为中心的低压带中,在河南西北部新生低涡系统,并且其在向华北地区移动过程中显著加强,该低涡系统在空间结构上,从倾斜涡柱逐渐发展成近乎直立的、贯穿整个对流层的深厚低涡系统;（2）中低层低涡系统快速发展过程与高低空系统构成耦合作用有关：低层低涡系统显著加强之前,对流层上层（300-200 hPa）首先出现高空槽异常加深并向南发展,该高空槽发展的开始阶段与其本身冷暖平流造成的斜压发展过程对应;而后,随着高纬度平流层高位涡沿等熵面向南运动,造成华北地区对流层上层涡度增强,形成正位涡异常区;当这一正位涡异常区叠加在对流层中低层锋区上空时,造成对流层中低层气旋快速发展并向下伸展,诱发河南西北部的新生气旋;低涡系统的发展进一步强化了低空暖平流,促使低空气旋向东北方向发展"移动"（本质上是暖平流前端造成的气旋发展）,这一动力学过程反过来使高层的涡度增强;这一正反馈过程形成的耦合环流不仅造成了整个涡度柱强度增强,而且垂直结构上逐渐由倾斜涡柱演变为近乎于直立的涡柱;（3）随着低涡系统增强,极大地加强了垂直上升运动并触发了对流,形成大范围的强降水,大量的凝结潜热释放,造成了低层低涡系统在强降水开始阶段的快速发展和增强;20日00时（世界时）以后,虽然对流活动显著减弱,但低涡系统的加深维持了大范围强降水过程的持续。强降水与低涡发展的正反馈过程是这次华北暴雨得以长时间维持的重要机制之一,这一过程形成的持续性潜热释放也是对流层中上层低涡系统热力结构发生改变的重要原因。     

2018年一次非典型梅雨锋暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规地面气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1°网格点逐6 h再分析资料,对2018年6月20日浙江省一次暴雨过程的主要环流系统、等熵位涡、垂直螺旋度等进行了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：850 hPa低涡切变、对流层中层冷空气、200 hPa南亚高压、副热带高压是此次暴雨过程发生的主要影响系统;700 hPa上的正垂直螺旋度中心对暴雨的发生有良好的指示意义;等熵位涡的演变和形态对冷空气活动有较好的视踪作用,等熵位涡中心两侧气流辐合,有利于低压系统发展,高层等熵位涡与冷空气活动有较好的对应关系,等熵位涡大值区偏南侧的移动与强降水落区有较好的对应关系。     

贵州一次严重冰冻雨雪过程环境场分析

2008年1月10日至2月2日,我国南方发生了大范围的持续冰雪灾害,贵州是受灾最严重的省份之一。通过对高度场、温度、降水量、流场、涡度等要素场的分析,重点探讨此次极端气象事件对贵州影响最明显的第3次过程,以及形成严重冰冻雨雪天气和温度异常偏低的主要环流特征。结果表明,在强拉尼娜的背景下,稳定在乌拉尔山以东的阻塞高压持续存在、极涡异常偏强偏东、西太平洋副高偏西偏强、南支槽较常年活跃等,是造成这次过程的主要原因。主要特征是850 hPa以下出现温度低于0℃的冷空气层,在700 hPa附近是相对较暖的气层,其上层是较冷的冰晶层,西南低空急流及槽前正的相对涡度平流明显,急流带来的暖湿平流提供了充足的水汽,并保证了融化层中源源不断的热量供应,上下层涡度平流的差异有利于上升运动的发展,为贵州第3次雨雪过程的发生提供了条件。     

相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水差异成因分析

为探讨相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水的差异原因,从天气形势、物理量场等方面进行分析,利用水汽通量、假相当位温、湿位涡、垂直螺旋度等物理量对降水进行诊断,得到以下主要结论：1）两台风移动路径主要受副热带高压和冷空气的影响,副热带高压边缘气流为主要引导气流。两台风均有追随200 hPa辐散中心移动的趋势。2）较强冷空气的侵入、鞍形场中的缓慢移动、强正涡度和强盛上升运动、强水汽输送且低空长时间水汽辐合、大气斜压性增强和风垂直切变增大均是台风“温比亚”造成南通更强降水的原因。3）水汽通量辐合增强,低层正涡度中心、强上升运动,低层假相当位温大值区叠加上空假相当位温梯度带,垂直螺旋度增大与正值发展高度均与台风强降水有明显对应。     

Mesoscale Convective System over the Yellow Sea – A Numerical Case Study

Summary  A mesoscale convective system (MCS) case that developed over the Yellow Sea (12–13 July 1993) is studied by using a 23-level, 30 km-mesh Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5. This MCS was generated in northern China, south of the Changma front, in a convectively unstable environment, under the influence of a short-wave trough accompanied by a marked cold vortex aloft. The model with all model physics (refereed to as CNTL) captured the major features of this MCS. A mesoscale low-level jet (mLLJ), with a horizontal scale of a few hundred km, developed within the MCS. Available wind data support the realism of this mLLJ. This mLLJ not only transports convectively unstable air directly toward the MCS but is also responsible for a strong low-level convergence in the MCS. At 200 hPa, an anticyclonic northwesterly flow with a relatively high wind speed core on the east of MCS was simulated. This relatively high-speed flow can be regarded as a mesoscale upper level jet (mULJ), acted as an upper outflow over the MCS. Low-level convergence on the left-front of the mLLJ and upper divergence in the right-rear of the mULJ creates a strong upward motion (≅ 40 cm s⁻¹) in the MCS. Heavy precipitation up to 45 mm between 1800–2100 UTC was observed after this MCS landed on the southern Korean Peninsula. The CNTL run captured this heavy rainfall event. A maximum rainfall of 50 mm 3 h⁻¹ was simulated. In another experiment, with surface sensible and moisture fluxes withheld (NOSF), the 3-h simulated rainfall was decreased to 30 mm. Less latent heat released in the NOSF led to a weaker MCS and mLLJ. The concurrent surface fluxes sustained a high low-level moisture field over the Yellow Sea, which helped the development of the MCS and enhanced its precipitation in this case. Received January 8, 1999     

The transport of momentum, sensible heat, potential energy and moisture over the western Himalayas during the winter season

Summary The western Himalayas receive higher precipitation than the eastern Himalayas during the winter season (December–March). This differential pattern of winter precipitation over the Himalayas can be attributed to topography and to a higher frequency of disturbances over the western Himalayas, which result in variations in the circulation features. These circulation features, in turn, result in variations in the meridional transport of heat, momentum, potential energy, and moisture across the Himalayas due to mean and eddy motion. Significant meridional transport due to mean motion takes place in the upper troposphere at 300 hPa and 200 hPa. Transport east of 100° E dominates the transport over the western Himalayas. The eddy transport of heat, momentum, and potential energy is considerably smaller than that due to mean motion. Eddy transport magnitudes are smaller up to 500 hPa and increase rapidly aloft to 300 hPa and 200 hPa. Eddy transport over the western Himalayas is greater than over the eastern Himalayas.     

2003年夏季梅雨期一次强气旋发展的位涡诊断分析

通过位涡诊断和回推轨迹分析, 对2003年夏季梅雨期间一次强江淮气旋的发展过程进行了研究。结果表明: 气旋发展初期, 非绝热加热在气旋的低层发展中起了主要作用, 随后由于高层水平平流的增强, 通过垂直平流使高低层大值位涡耦合在一起, 从而使气旋迅速发展。从中、 高、 低层对位涡柱形成所起的作用来看, 低层主要是非绝热加热, 中层是垂直平流, 而高层主要是水平平流; 从构成气旋的气流来说, 在气旋迅速发展阶段, 低层主要以西南暖湿气流为主, 高层 (500 hPa以上) 主要以沿急流轴下降的高层干冷气流和对流层底层流向气旋东北部并迅速上升的暖湿气流为主。高低层冷暖空气的相互作用主要发生在600 hPa及以上层次, 因凝结加热引起的垂直运动通过垂直平流可能在冷暖气流相互作用和上下大位涡的垂直耦合中发挥了重要作用。     

副高断裂前后四川盆地一次暴雨过程的比较分析

利用NCEP1°×1°6 h再分析资料,对副热带高压与西风槽典型环流形势配合下发生的一次四川区域性暴雨过程的不同阶段进行对比分析。结果表明,前期暴雨天气过程,其动力条件占到了主导地位,具有明显的经向垂直环流圈和垂直上升运动支,而在副高断裂后较强冷空气作用下,在副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程受西风带槽前的能量锋区影响,动力强迫作用和热力强迫作用激发的次级环流,进一步加强了四川盆地垂直运动的发展;冷空气作用前期的暴雨过程和冷空气进入后副高边缘发生的区域性暴雨过程中暴雨区域内的假相当位温均强于高层,大气处于对流性不稳定层结状态,对四川盆地暴雨的增强也起了不可忽视的作用,但由副高控制到副高逐渐断裂,湿位涡的斜压扰动是逐渐增强的过程,导致倾斜垂直涡度发展,激发更为强烈的上升运动;副高与西风槽环流形势相配合的暖区暴雨过程水汽主要来自中低层孟加拉湾;而副高断裂后发生在副高边缘的区域性暴雨过程,水汽主要来自850hPa层南海和孟加拉湾,从对流层中到低层,四川盆地东部恰恰是冷暖气流的交汇处,偏南气流将海上充沛的水汽输送到盆地东部,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件,并与对流层低层秦岭附近的东北冷气流交汇。      

一次寒潮降温过程的等熵位涡和热力学分析

通过等熵位涡和热力学能量方程的各项诊断对2018年1月上旬我国东部一次寒潮天气过程进行分析,重点给出垂直运动在寒潮降温中的作用。结果表明：此次寒潮天气过程主要受蒙古国南部的横槽转竖影响,巴尔喀什湖东部和西伯利亚地区及其北部为引起这次寒潮的主要冷空气源地。欧亚大陆北部和极区对流层高层和平流层低层的高位涡强冷空气沿着等熵面向南向下平流,引导强冷空气侵袭我国东部。等熵位涡大值区的东侧对应上升运动区,有利于降水的产生。寒潮期间风场平流引起的850 hPa强降温区主要位于东南沿海地区,降温幅度最高可达6×10^-4 K·s^-1,而东北地区在整个寒潮期间冷平流强度较弱,最大降温幅度仅约为1×10^-4 K·s^-1。通过计算东南沿海和东北地区区域平均风场平流和垂直运动引起850 hPa温度变化,得出寒潮期间两地的温度总降幅约为1×10^-4 K·s^-1。东南沿海地区的寒潮主要由风场的冷平流引起,而东北地区则是由冷平流和垂直上升运动的共同作用引起。垂直方向上,东北地区冷空气能影响的高度要远高于东南沿海地区。