渤海西岸气溶胶光学厚度测量研究

根据2003年在天津大气边界层观测站获得的CE318太阳光度计观测资料，探讨了仪器的定标、渤海西岸大气气溶胶不同波段的光学厚度及其变化规律。结果表明，渤海西岸大气气溶胶受渤海海洋和人类活动共同影响，各波段光学厚度都较大；气溶胶光学厚度谱基本满足Angstrom关系。     

地基多波段遥感西藏当雄地区 气溶胶光学特性

根据1998年5、6月份在西藏当雄地区进行的为期两个月的气溶胶地面多波段观测结果,讨论了仪器的定标、气溶胶光学特性及其变化规律,并反演了粒子谱分布。结果表明,当雄地区气溶胶光学厚度较小,光学厚度与大气相对湿度呈正相关。干季气溶胶光学厚度日变化大,光学厚度最小值出现在中午前后,而湿季日变化相对要小,光学厚度也小于干季。反演的粒子谱符合干洁大陆气溶胶的特性。     

多波段光度计遥感气溶胶误差分析及订正

结合1998年实际遥感气溶胶所用多波段光度计,详细分析了由于仪器定标、仪器视场角、滤光片宽度、气体吸收等方面带来的误差,并提出了相应的订正方法,特别是针对水汽的吸收,提出了三波段差分吸收订正法。结果表明,通过误差订正,遥感精度有很大提高,气溶胶光学厚度在0.1左右,相对误差不超过10%,中等大气浑浊度情况下相对误差2%左右。     

利用太阳辐射资料反演宽频上的气溶胶光学厚度

利用晴空无云条件下地面上实测的太阳直接辐射资料，用两种不同的方法反演了宽频上的气溶胶光学厚度，得到了比较一致的结果。从计算方法的比较分析来看，两种方法都是以全波段上的太阳辐射确定宽频上的气溶胶光学厚度为目的。方法I计算简单，但是其中所用的全波段太阳辐射衰减公式比较粗略；方法Ⅱ是确定一最优波长，并以此波长的气溶胶光学厚度作为宽频上的气溶胶光学厚度，在理论上较方法I完善，得到的τa(λ0）也可以得到更多的信息。总之，方法Ⅱ较方法I更合理可行。     

福建三大城市群气溶胶遥感监测及时空变化分析

气溶胶对城市环境质量的影响越来越受到人们的关注。利用2001—2007年MODIS卫星数据,借助6S辐射传输模式,采用目前较为成熟的暗像元方法,在分析MODIS红光、蓝光和近红外波段对气溶胶敏感性的基础上,反演福建三大城市群福州、厦门和泉州的气溶胶光学厚度,将反演结果与大气环境观测数据进行对比,并分析了三大城市群气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布与变化特征。结果表明:MODIS红光和蓝光波段均对气溶胶敏感,只是在不同季节表现出不同的敏感程度;遥感反演的气溶胶光学厚度与现场观测的PM_(10)数据相关系数为0.604;在时空分布上气溶胶光学厚度高值区与城区分布相一致,秋冬季气溶胶光学厚度明显大于其他季节。基于MODIS数据反演得到的福建三大城市群气溶胶光学厚度产品精度是可靠的,能客观反映该区域气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布与变化特征。     

从全波段太阳直射辐射确定大气气溶胶光学厚度 II：实验研究

本文通过比较太阳直射表和太阳光度计探测的大气柱气溶胶光学厚度，分析了从太阳直射表探测的全波段太阳直射光强信息确定大气柱气溶胶光学厚度的误差，并应用北京观象台的太阳直射表观测资料，反演得到了 1990—1993年北京大气柱气溶胶光学厚度，分析了该光学厚度月与年变化规律以及1991年菲律宾皮纳图博火山爆发对北京大气气溶胶含量的影响。本文还提出了关于有效水汽含量的一个经验关系式，用于确定水汽对太阳辐射的吸收率。     

ＣＥ３１８太阳光度计常见故障及排除方法

CE318型太阳光度计,是法国CIMEL公司制造的一种高精度野外太阳和天空辐射测量仪器,主要用来测量大气气溶胶光学厚度。用于卫星遥感产品真实性检验和气溶胶气候研究的大气气溶胶环境监测仪器,在遥感卫星传感器辐射定标中用于大气光学参数测量的重要仪器,同时还在沙尘暴监测中发挥重要作用。     

MicrotopsⅡ型太阳光度计的使用、计算及定标

通过研究文献和在使用仪器过程中积累的一些经验,介绍MicrotopsⅡ型5通道手持式太阳光度计的特征、仪器使用前的参数设置、使用中应该注意的问题以及大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的计算原理和仪器定标方法,以便为仪器的使用者提供借鉴。对广州热带海洋气象研究所2004年9月19日在国家南岭森林公园的一次对比试验观测数据进行分析,结果显示,两台仪器大气气溶胶光学厚度值非常接近,500 nm通道的AOD值相差小于0.01,说明两台仪器的厂家定标常数仍然适用。     

中国遥感卫星辐射校正场气溶胶光学特性观测研究

1999年6月28日~7月19日在敦煌场, 7月25日~7月31日在青海湖水面场进行了一次大规模综合野外测量试验, 其中采用3台先进的法国CIMEL太阳辐射计对两个场地大气光学特性进行了系统全面测量, 获得大量晴空天气条件下的大气光学数据。利用Langley法处理气溶胶通道数据得到气溶胶光学厚度及其光谱变化。测量结果显示550 nm波长平均气溶胶光学厚度分别为0.12、0.18, 由气溶胶光学厚度的波长变化得到气溶胶Junge参数分别为2.6、3.0, 并与几种典型气溶胶类型比较。结果表明两地在晴空天气里, 气溶胶含量较小, 符合遥感卫星传感器辐射定标的大气条件。     

贵州省2009年冬季大气气溶胶光学厚度的特征分析

利用FY-3A陆上气溶胶日产品,结合ENVI遥感影像软件和ArcGIS地理信息软件的相关模块,处理和分析了贵州省2009年冬季大气气溶胶光学厚度,并由此计算出Angstrom浑浊度系数和波长指数。分析表明:贵州省2009年冬季整层大气气溶胶光学厚度在0.55μm波段内的旬变化幅度为0.28~0.53μm,并呈现出波动性的发展趋势,特别是2010年1月下旬—2月下旬有显著增加,较大值在整个冬季都相对集中于贵州省的中部、西南部以及北部地区;在污染物浓度变化中,细粒子浓度变化因素占主导地位;与冬季的前期相比,后期气溶胶光学厚度较大,细粒子比重有所增加,浑浊度稍微偏高,造成空气轻微污染。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on