不同微物理方案对台风“利奇马”雨带模拟的影响分析

云微物理过程是影响台风降水数值模拟的关键过程。利用华东中尺度模式系统,选取Thompson与CLR两种微物理参数化方案对台风“利奇马”进行数值模拟,对比观测、卫星资料,评估两个微物理参数化方案对台风模拟的影响,结果表明:相比于Thompson方案,CLR方案对台风“利奇马”的模拟在登陆后的路径、强度、降水明显更接近观测;Thompson方案在距离台风中心约100 km形成较强的螺旋雨带,而CLR方案在距离台风中心150 km左右的位置形成了较弱的螺旋雨带。进一步的分析表明,CLR方案模拟出的外围雨带距离台风中心的距离更远,是由于CLR方案中冰、霰等冰相态水凝物下落速度更小,更有可能被推送到距离台风中心更远的位置,从而形成不同的雨带分布。      

海洋垂直混合对中尺度海气浪耦合模式预报效果的敏感性试验

为了比较两个不同的海洋垂直混合参数化方案在中尺度海气浪耦合模式数值预报中的效果,采用军队T₇₉₉全球预报系统和西北太平洋海洋预报系统的预报场资料驱动区域中尺度海气浪耦合模式,针对西北太平洋在2014年9月7—10日和17—20日的大气和海洋要素场进行数值回报试验,并将同期台风观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及NOAA海表面温度数据各自与模式结果进行比较。结果表明,在无台风天气下使用GLS-ε方案对大气要素的预报效果更好,而MY2.5方案在台风天气影响下表现更好,同时其在连续8天的预报中无溢出现象,较GLS-ε方案稳定性更好;台风影响区域的海表面温度对MY2.5方案更敏感;台风天气过程中,MY2.5方案引起的海洋上层温度混合更强烈。      

新一代天气雷达网资料的三维格点化及拼图方法研究

文中研究了几种把球坐标系下的雷达网反射率体扫资料插值到统一的笛卡尔坐标系下的经纬度网格上以及用多个雷达的反射率网格资料进行三维拼图的方法,并对多个雷达同步观测的反射率因子的空间一致性、系统误差以及雷达等距离线上回波的水平和垂直结构进行了分析。结果发现:在雷达资料格点化过程中,径向和方位上的最近邻居法和垂直方向的线性内插法的结合(NVI方法)是一种有效的雷达资料分析方法,它既能得到空间比较连续的反射率分析场,同时也较好地保留了体扫资料中原有的反射率结构特征;广州雷达和梅州雷达同步观测的空间一致性比较好;在多个雷达资料合成拼图的过程中,距离指数权重平均法能提供空间连续的三维反射率拼图数据,拼图也减轻了由雷达波束几何学引起的各种问题。     

积云对流参数化对东亚近海热带气旋活动模拟的影响

基于CWRF高分辨率模式的模拟结果,探讨了8种积云对流参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的路径、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现:采用Kain-Fritsch方案模拟的热带气旋活动的空间分布与JTWC统计结果最接近。KF方案模拟的热带气旋生成频数(强度)明显高(强)于其他积云对流参数化方案,而BMJ方案模拟的热带气旋生成频数(强度)明显低(弱)于其他积云对流参数化方案。进一步分析发现,采用优化集合积云参数化方案(ECP)模拟热带气旋频数、ACE指数以及PDI指数的年际变化趋势较好,而采用KF积云对流参数化方案对热带气旋空间分布、频数及强度的模拟总体最优。      

THE INITIAL WIND SCHEME OF THE HEMISPHERIC SPECTRAL MODEL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE DATA ASSIMILATION

A series of data assimilation and forecast test have been carried out with a hemispheric spectralmodel(T42L9H).It is found that the numerical scheme for determining hemispheric initial wind isimportant to data assimilation and forecast.An inappropriate scheme may cause computationalsources of divergence near the equator,which are responsible for the spurious strong precipitationand corresponding latent heat release.Obviously,this problem differs from either thehemispheric/global domain effect or the tropical data effect pointed by Dalley et al.(1981).Basedon the previous studies,the new scheme of divergence and vorticity correction is presented,andthe difference with other schemes and its effects on the data assimilation are discussed against thecontrol test.Preliminary tests have shown that the new divergence correction scheme proposed in thispaper may be a preferable choice to overcome the initial computational errors in the hemisphericdata assimilation.     

航空气象条件的三维联合概率预报

本文在“正态化转换”技术的基础上．利用机场地面信息化观测资料,采用Gringorten的计算方案,对佛山机场的能见度、云量、云底高进行了三维联合概率预报。其主要结论如下：三维概率预报的准确性比较高,其预报方案在实际的业务中是可行的。     

关于海面湍流通量参数化的两种方案试验

本文对海气间湍流通量计算的参数化进行了两个方案的试验。第一个是对气候模式ＣＣＭ３中的计算方案作了改进,用半解析的计算方法代替纯迭代的方法,减少了计算量而达到相同精度。第二个是用Ｂｒｕｔｓａｅｒｔ提出的廓线函数计算海面通量,达到了当前最精确模式相同的精度。这二种方案均可用于大气模式或用于由实测气象资料求通量。     

陆面特征非均一作用参数化及其对区域气候影响的数值模拟试验

本文首先改进了陆地下垫面特征非均一性的次网格尺度参数化方法，然后利用三维地气耦合的区域气候模式，设计一系列值试验，研究了下垫面特征改变对区域气候环境变化的影响，主要分析了陆地表面特征变化对我国苏南附近地区夏季温度化的影响，结果表明采用地下垫面特征非均一作用的次网格尺度参数化方法对于改进数值模拟结果的质量有一定效果。     

SPLIT SEMI-IMPLICIT INTEGRATION OF TROPICAL LIMITED AREA MULTI-LEVEL PRIMITIVE EQUATION MODEL

A tropical limited area multi-level primitive equation model,in which the time integral is performed with a split semi-implicit scheme,is presented.The operating time is shortened to one-third of the time the explicit scheme needs.The results of operational experiments show that the model is stable in computation and capable of producing satisfactory forecast for tropical systems.Besides synoptic reports,data derived from other sources are used so as to improve the forecast,especially over tropical oceans where conventional data are scarce.     

APPLICATION OF BDA SCHEME IN TYPHOON TRACK PREDICTION

The MM5, which is the PSU/NCAR mesoscale nonhydrostatic limited-area model, and its adjoining modeling system are used in this paper. Taking T106 analysis data as background field the authors generate an optimal initial condition of a typhoon by using two bogus data assimilation schemes, and conduct some numerical simulating experiments. The results of No.9608 typhoon (Gloria) show that the optimal initial field have some dramatic improvements, such as inaccurate position of typhoon center, weaker typhoon circulation and incomplete inner structure of the typhoon, which are caused by shortage of data over the sea. Some improvements have been made in the track forecast. Through several comparing experiments, the initialization optimized by BDA scheme is found to be more reasonable than GFDL scheme and its typhoon track forecast is better.     

热带有限区分裂半隐式斜压初始方程预报模式

本文提出一个采用分裂半隐式时间积分方案的热带有限区多层初始方程数值预报模式。业务预报试验表明模式的计算稳定性较好,预报作业时间较显式方案缩短约三分之二,对热带天气系统有一定预报能力。为了弥补热带大洋上探空资料不足,还试验了插补其他来源的资料,效果也较好。     

DIAGNOSIS OF ANOMALOUS PATTERNS OF PRECIPITATION IN NORTH CHINA AND CLIMATIC PREDICTION EXPERIMENTS

In the context of 1965-2000 monthly rainfall data from 73 stations distributed over 3 province level districts and 2 metropolises (Beijing and Tianjin) of North China with some stations in the neighboring provinces,diagnostic study is undertaken of the features of spatially anomalous patterns and dominant periods of the annual precipitation in terms of EOF,REOF and SSA.Also,a scheme consisting of SSA combined with autoregression (AR) as a prediction model is employed to make forecasts of monthly rainfall sequences of the anomalous patterns in terms of an adaptive filter.Results show that the scheme,if further improved,would be of operational utility in preparing county-level prediction.     

球坐标中原始运动方程的自由振动

利用球坐标中的原始运动方程组,讨论了大气的自由振动问题。把东、西风平均纬向风速廓线,以及与之相适应的位势高度廓线作为大气的基本状态,对线性化方程组,采用数值方法求出了特征波动解。比较了四阶差分和二阶差分的特征解,肯定了前者有较好的结果。     

半球谱模式的风场初值及其对资料同化的影响

利用半球谱模式（Ｔ４２Ｌ９）进行了大量的资料同化和预报试验。结果表明，半球风场初值方案对资料同化和预报有重要的影响。不恰当的初值处理会导致虚假散度源，在非绝热模式中可能进一步诱发虚假的强降水与相应的潜热释放。很明显，这个问题既不同于Ｄａｌｌｅｙ［１］所分析的半球／全球范围效应，也不同于所谓的赤道资料效应。文章在前人研究的基础上，提出了散度和涡度修正方案，进而用对比试验方法讨论了该方案与其他方案的差异以及对同化的影响。初步试验表明，散度修正方案是半球资料同化中克服初值计算误差的一个较好的选择。     

基于WRF模式的青岛沿海地区近地面风的敏感性研究

沿海地区受风的影响较大,不仅受大尺度季风的影响还受到中小尺度局地风的影响,利用WRF模式从参数化组合方案、土地利用数据、水平网格精度以及耦合UCM四个方面对青岛沿海地区近地面风进行了模拟和比较。结果表明,微物理方案和边界层方案对研究区近地面风的影响较大,WSM3 + YSU + Revised MM5 Monin-Obukhov + KF的参数化组合方案对研究区的模拟效果较好,相关系数在0.50~0.75之间,均方根误差在1.44~1.61之间。LUCC2015和TM2015土地利用数据能够更好地反映研究区的土地利用类型的分布特征,两者的模拟效果优于MODIS2001和MODIS2013。随着水平分辨率的提高,对地形刻画越精准,模拟效果越好,并且WRF+UCM方案能显著降低城市地区近地面风速,优化模拟结果。沿海地区近地面风的影响因素较为复杂,考虑模式的参数化方案组合、土地利用数据、地形和城市等多种因素,以期为沿海地区近地面风的模拟提供依据。      

高,低分辨率模式对典型个例的对比预报试验

利用实时观测资料Ｔ６３模式预报产品资料，对１９９５年７－８月发生在西北地区的３次大雨、暴雨天气过程进行了高、低分痃率数值预报模式的对比预报试验。     

A MODELING STUDY OF PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES FOR DEPOSITIONAL GROWTH OF ICE CRYSTAL: FOUR RAINFALL CASES OVER TROPICS AND MIDLATITUDES

Depositional growth of ice crystal is one of the major processes for development of precipitation systems and can be represented by depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water (PIDW) and depositional growth of snow from cloud ice (PSFI) in cloud-resolving model. Four parameterization schemes are analyzed in the cloud-resolving model simulations of four rainfall cases over the tropics and midlatitudes. The comparison of time and model domain mean data shows that Shen’s scheme produces the closest rainfall simulation to the observation. Compared to Zeng’s scheme, Shen’s scheme improves the mean rain-rate simulation significantly through the dramatic decrease in depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water. Compared to other schemes, Shen’s scheme produces the better rainfall simulation via the reduction in the mean rain rate associated with the enhanced gain of cloud water and ice.     

EXPERIMENTS OF ENSEMBLE FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK USING BDA PERTURBING METHOD

A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial position perturbation.     

THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for generalquadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earliermajor conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can providenew mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelityschemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the twotheorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computationalinstability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinicprimitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weatherforecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based onTheorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conservingsemi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model ofbaroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved forlong,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit schemeformulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the newtype of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematicdeviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly notedthat,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by theviolation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditionalscheme designs(called type Z errors for short)can contribute up to one-third of the totalsystematic root-mean-square(RMS)error at the end of second week of the integration and exceedone half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energyconserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reducedat the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integraltime of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,theeffects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

同化IASI资料对台风“红霞”和“莫兰蒂”预报的影响研究

红外高光谱大气探测仪IASI可提供高精度的大气垂直温度和湿度信息,能够探测台风结构特征,有效弥补台风影响区域观测资料稀缺的不足。以WRFDA三维变分同化系统为基础构建IASI同化试验平台,实现McNally提出的MW云检测方法,并调整参数形成大阈值的LMW云检测方法,以超强台风“红霞”（1506）和“莫兰蒂”（1614）为试验个例,对IASI观测资料进行同化对比试验。对于台风“红霞”,MW云检测方案对于高层通道299保留的观测数目仅为大阈值LMW云检测的16.2%和WRFDA系统默认的MMR云检测的9.2%,对于底层通道921分别为3.3%和2.6%。但是MW试验分析场强度最强,获得的72 h台风路径预报最接近真实路径,路径误差最小。两个台风个例试验结果相似,表明有效的云检测过程能提高IASI资料同化分析场的准确性,同化IASI资料有利于改善台风预报技巧。