水稻氧力粉包膜直播技术

达川地区是农业大区，农业生产长期沿用传统耕作方法，其生产力较低，水稻采用氧力粉包膜直播法，不仅利于机械化操作，减轻劳动强度，而且由于氧力粉的效用，使之苗齐、苗壮，根系发达，有效稳多，从而达到稳产高产的目的。     

此时不搏 更待何时——兴山县气象局立足山区谱写兴业之歌

位于鄂西山区、长江西陵陕北侧的兴山县气象局，在面临地方气象事业一度受挫的不利条件下，不俱艰难，勇于拼搏，敢担大任，以创建学习型单位、学习型队伍为契机，抓住三峡工程移民搬迁的大好机遇，因地制宜，扬长避短，克难奋进，     

黄土高原半干旱雨养区日光温室小气候分析

利用小气候观测系统对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区日光温室各部位温湿度进行系统全面的监测分析，结果表明:秋栽黄瓜整个生育期，室内气温和地温呈现波动式降低，而相对湿度在采收初期以前呈波动式增加，但在普遍采收期以后波动下降，这3个因子都随高度而变。不同生育期室内气象要素的日变化趋势和波动基本相似，但变幅不同，一天中峰值出现的迟早略有差异。在垂直方向，温室内不同高度的气温和相对湿度明显不同且日变化较剧烈，在低层形成低温高湿的小环境，而高层形成高温低湿的小环境，但整个温室总体上始终处于高湿环境。不同层次土壤温度明显不同，10 cm地温在一天中变化最敏感，变幅最大；30 cm地温变幅较小，且最高温出现的时间比10 cm土层滞后2 h；50 cm地温在一天中几乎没有什么变化，与上层土壤比较，始终处于低温水平。在水平方向，气温和地温都表现为南高北低，湿度相反，但这种南北差异很小，可近似认为水平方向温湿度和地温分布比较均匀。     

利用气象部门优势开展庆典工作的探讨

介绍当前庆典市场的基本情况，分析以往气象部门开展庆典存在的问题，探讨气象部门开展庆典工作的优势和劣势。依据工作经验，认为气象部门建立系统化的经营管理模式，打造庆典“品牌”，能更好地利用优势，提高竞争能力，赢得市场，增加收入。     

湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征及其气象成因分析

利用湖南省2008-2017年10年森林火灾数据、卫星MODIS和VIIRS监测资料及常规气象资料，统计分析了湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征，分析结果表明：近10年湖南省森林火灾高发月份是2、3、4月， 3月最多，总次数为3800次，森林火灾在邵阳发生次数最多，郴州、长沙和永州次之。森林火灾受灾面积最大的是永州市、怀化市、邵阳市，达6800-7500公顷。重点分析了2018年2月14-19日湖南致灾严重的森林火灾过程与气象条件的关系，结果表明，森林火灾期间，气温偏高、相对湿度较小，降水量少，平均风速一般超过0.5m/s，火灾严重时段最大风速增大到6m/s左右，风向以偏东风和偏南风为主，湖南高低空受上下一致的西南风气流控制，天气形势较稳定。     

不同时间尺度上南海夏季风强度与海洋热力条件的关系

用NCAR/NCEP1958—1997年共40年资料对南海夏季风撤退的气候特征进行了分析。8月上旬西伯利亚冷空气开始南进，由于青藏高原的阻挡作用，在我国东部大陆推进得很快，到达南海后继续向南推进，最后导致9月中旬左右南海夏季风从南海撤退。就个别年份而言，最早的撤退时间是8月中，最晚的是10月中，可以差两个月。南海夏季风撤退与建立过程是很不相同的，南海夏季风和夏季风雨带的建立都是爆发性的，在全区域几乎是同时建立，但撤退是由北向南缓慢撤退的，历时一个月左右。在撤退期间，南海降水形势变化不大，但在撤退之后，南海夏季风雨季转变为ITCZ雨季，其相应和雨区随着太阳南移向南推进。南海夏季风撤退后，南海降水30—60天振荡明显减弱，而准两周振荡仍比较活跃。     

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究

利用卫星遥感技术监测预报森林雷击火的研究杜秀贤，邓文政，郭绍存，潘进军（内蒙古自治区气象科学研究所，０１００５１，呼和浩特）赵可新，赵勋（内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟气象处，０２１００８，海拉尔）前言多年来，国内外林火专家和学者，对林火的监测和预报研究，已...     

青海省州级气象局人力资源开发与管理

大力开发人才资源，是实施三大战略，促进气象事业发展的重要保证。培养和开发一支结构合理、素质优良的高技能气象人才队伍，对于推进气象事业的发展具有十分重要的意义。近年来，各级气象部门紧紧围绕气象业务和服务发展的实际需要，大力实施人才强局战略，努力营造科技创新和人才成长的良好氛围，有效推动了气象事业的发展。但随着社会经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，对气象事业也提出了更新更高的需求，因此，人力资源的开发与管理就成为必须认真研究和解决的重要问题。     

南海夏季风爆发前后扰动演变及其数值研究

以球面正压涡度方程为数学模型，建立了线性和非线性的数值积分模式，通过在模式中设置不同的基本流场和初始扰动场，研究基流和初始场对扰动发展的作用，揭示在球面正压大气中扰动发展的动力学机制。数值试验结果表明:在线性模式中，扰动的移动和发展与基流的分布有着很密切的关系，基流影响着扰动纬向传播的速度和方向； 在非线性模式中，当基流稳定时，扰动的移动以及传播与线性模式的结果相同，但与线性情况的最大区别在于，此时扰动能量的增长存在上限。同时发现，扰动的发展既依赖于基本气流的分布，也依赖初始扰动的结构；南海夏季风爆发前后的基本流场是正压不稳定的，且这种不稳定在季风爆发时达到最强，这可以成为季风爆发的动力学解释。     

影响广东的热带气旋与ENSO的关系

为探讨ENSO对影响广东的热带气旋的影响，利用统计方法对1950-2003年期间进入广东防区的热带气旋的累计气旋能量ACE变量和其他变量与ENSO的关系进行了分析，发现在年的尺度上进入广东防区的热带气旋对ENSO的响应很弱，且表现出明显的季节差异，在6-8月表现出与Nin03．4指数的正相关，而在10月份表现出明显的负相关。热带气旋的强度、数量、时间等在10月份都与Nino3．4指数表现出较明显的负相关，即在拉尼娜出现当年的10月份热带气旋趋向于数量增多，强风暴的生命史增长，影响时间较长，强风暴强度也趋向更强，破坏力增大；而在厄尔尼诺年，热带气旋趋向于数量减少，强风暴的生命史缩短，影响时间较短，强风暴会趋向减弱，破坏力会减低。分析可知，ACE指数很好地反映热带气旋对ENSO响应的特性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on