滇中喀斯特地区大气降水水汽来源和输送特征

本文利用2010—2019年滇中石林县的全球再分析资料，通过HYSPLIT模型的后向轨迹对不同季节和不同高度的水汽来源进行追踪和分析。结果表明：石林县四季的水汽源地和水汽运移路径存在差异。春季水汽主要来源于受高空西风影响的欧亚大陆和非洲北部，夏季水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾，南海和西太平洋海域，秋季水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾—南海和西太平洋，冬季主要来源于欧亚大陆和非洲北部的高空西风、孟加拉湾海域。石林县的水汽通道有阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾—南海、西太平洋、欧亚非大陆、局地五条水汽通道，且春夏秋冬四季的不同高度层的水汽输送通道和水汽贡献率存在较大差异。     

中国近海海平面变化趋势的对比分析

本文分析了近40年的中国近海验潮站资料海表面高度的线性变化趋势,并与卫星高度计资料进行了对比。通过对验潮站资料的分析发现,中国海域无论是近40年(1970~2013年)、还是近20年(1993~2013年)海平面均显著上升。各海区近20年的海平面上升有加速的趋势,且各时段上升速率大于全球平均海平面上升率。但是,受到海平面的年际和年代际变化的影响,近10年海平面上升趋势放缓。同时,本文也分析了不同季节海平面变化的趋势,北部海域秋季最大,冬季最小;南海海域春季最大,秋季最小。通过AVISO资料和验潮站资料的对比可以发现,AVISO资料在描述近20年海平面变化的线性趋势上与验潮站资料接近,较大的差异主要是由验潮站地表发生升降引起的。同时,通过对比也发现了用验潮站资料估算海域平均的海平面高度变化会有一定的误差,在黄海、渤海、东海海域验潮站估计的数值偏高,而在南海海域则偏低。     

支持向量机在AMSU-A临边调整中的应用

采用支持向量机(SVM,Support Vector Machine)方法,对AMSU-A进行了临边调整试验。利用全球廓线数据集和快速辐射传输模式计算的理想亮温资料,以及AMSU-A全球实际亮温资料的分析表明,临边效应增大了窗区通道边缘视场的亮温,减小了5～14通道边缘视场亮温。临边效应对于各通道影响明显,且随着视角的增大而增大。通过理想试验分析表明,与多元线性回归方法相比,支持向量机方法对于窗区通道调整效果改进较多,对于通道5～14,同样优于多元线性回归方法。除窗区通道1、2、15边缘少数视场外,各视场调整均方根(RMS,Root Mean Square)误差在AMSU-A仪器噪声范围之内。对实际资料的试验表明,支持向量机方法调整效果同样优于多元线性回归方法。     

静止气象卫星资料精处理方法研究

通过对ＳＭＣＰＰＳ、ＣＭＡＰＰＳ静止气象卫星资料接收处理系统的使用和Ｓ－ＶＩＳＳＲ资料格式分析，对ＧＭＳ－５卫星探测数据的精确定标进行了讨论，提出了资料利用站根据筒化网格定位参数对卫星图象进行非线性定位的区域曲面拟合方法和可视地标导航的机交互，计算机自动配准等客观方法，实例计算了分析表明，区域曲面拟合方法比线性内插方法的定位精度，在不同地区，红外通道可提高１－２条扫描线或１－３个象素点，可见光通道     

海南岛几类天气现象在卫星云图上的特征分析

雾、小雨、中雨、大雨、雷暴及无降水是海南岛地区能够在卫星云图上有表现的六种常见天气现象，本文利用红外IRI和可见光VS二通道光谱建立了这五种天气现象的样本数据库，从中提取光谱特征、灰度特征、灰度统计量和灰度直方图统计量特征，对各单位特征空间计算各类天气现象发生概率，建立了天气现象类属矩阵，用以判别各单位特征空间这几类天气现象发生的集中区域。     

复杂地形对计算地表太阳短波辐射的影响

首先利用数字高程数据(DEM)、大气辐射传输模式6S以及野外观测资料计算了复杂地形(青藏高原)上地表入射太阳辐射,然后计算不考虑地形产生的地表辐射的计算误差,对误差进行归一化后得到相对辐射误差.结果显示,相对辐射误差的标准差(即相对地表辐射计算误差绝对值的统计平均值) Se随太阳天顶角的增加呈指数增长,随高度标准差的增加几乎呈线性增长,随数字高程数据的分辨率(或卫星资料的分辨率)降低而降低.利用分步拟合方法拟合了Se随太阳天顶角、高度标准差和数字高程分辨率的变化.利用拟合方程可以计算任意地形条件下,不同分辨率的卫星(或数字高程)资料在不同太阳天顶角情况下,不考虑地形复杂性产生的平均地表入射太阳辐射的计算误差,结果表明,使用中分辨率的卫星(如MODIS)资料计算地表太阳净辐射时,需要考虑地形复杂性.     

用神经网络方法对NOAA-AVHRR资料进行云客观分类

利用NOAA AVHRR 5个通道资料建立了 6种云类以及陆地和水体的样本数据库 ,其中包括 8× 8象素样本和单象素样本。AVHRR的 5个探测通道都位于大气窗区 ,吸收物质少 ,比较透明 ,可以比较准确地反映探测表面的性质。理论分析和试验结果表明 :除了不同性质的云在 5个通道中有不同的表现外 ,通道之间的差别也可用于云分类。在理论分析和试验的基础上 ,对 8× 8象素样本库提取了包括光谱特征、灰度特征、通道差特征、灰度统计量和灰度直方图统计量特征在内的 80个特征 ,并利用逐步判别分析方法进行特征筛选 ,共选出 2 0个特征 ,用神经网络方法对 8种类型云和地表样本数据库分类 ,选择网络结构为 2 0 - 4 0 - 15 - 4的B P网络 ,利用 30 0 0多个样本进行神经网络训练 ,并用其余的 3万多个独立样本数据进行检验 ,测试正确率达 79%。类似地 ,对单象素样本数据 ,提取了包括光谱特征、灰度特征、通道差特征在内的 2 0个特征 ,用神经网络方法对 8种类型云和地表分类 ,选择网络结构为 2 0 - 4 0 - 15 - 4的 4层B P网络 ,利用 2 0 0 0多个样本进行神经网络训练 ,并用其余的 2万多个独立样本数据进行检验 ,测试正确率达 78%。设计并编写了实际云图客观云分类系统和软件 ,该系统输入为 5个通道的AVHRR数据 ,可自动获取已     

湛江市空气污染预报方法

利用湛江市地面常规气象观测资料，应用逐步回归的统计方法，对湛江市各测点的SO2、NO2、PM10浓度分别进行了计算分析并建立预报方程，预报实践证明，准确率较高。     

基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)的鄱阳湖区洪涝灾害研究

对近50a(1950～1999年)鄱阳湖年最高水位的演变趋势进行了分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖年最高水位呈明显的上升趋势,最高水位超过警戒水位1m、2m的频数明显增多。文章采用遥感(RS)对湖体水面进行监测分析,并利用多时相LANDSATTM资料,解译出不同时相鄱阳湖水域面积分布;利用地理信息系统ARCVIEW空间分析,将鄱阳湖水域面积分布转换成相应时相水位高程矢量分布,结合湖区1:5万地理高程数据,建立鄱阳湖区高分辨率水位数字高程模型(WDEM);根据WDEM和汛期鄱阳湖水位,研究出鄱阳湖区洪涝灾害分布。     

微波辐射计亮温观测质量控制研究

针对武汉MP-3000A型微波辐射计,将无线电探空资料代入辐射传输模式(MWCLD),计算出该辐射计各通道的亮温,再与实际观测的亮温值进行对比,通过个例分析该辐射计观测值与计算值的一致性并判断各通道观测值的合理性.分析结果表明:模式计算值与观测值之间有很好的一致性,并且经过偏差订正或线性订正后的数据,可用于检查辐射计在各个通道的运行状态,从而建立有效的针对地基微波辐射计资料的质量控制方案.     

Comparison of Cloudless Sky Parameterizations of Solar Irradianceat Various Spanish Midlatitude Locations

Summary We have developed a comparison among several cloudless sky parameterization schemes of the solar irradiance incoming at surface level. The data set was recorded at various Spanish mid-latitude radiometric stations, covering different climatic regimes. It consists of hourly values of the relevant quantities covering periods greater than one year at each radiometric station. Diffuse irradiance data have been corrected for shadowband effect using a model developed by the authors and successfully tested at various radiometric stations. At a first stage, the models were run using all the available local information. After that, we have run the models that present the better performance and, considering that under some circumstances not all the input parameters are available replacing some parameters by their monthly values. As the study reveals, the Gueymard and the Iqbal C model, which require the availability of appropriate information on aerosols, perform best. The influence of precipitable water is of second order thus allowing for the use of estimates based on monthly mean values obtained from climatological records. On the other hand, the study performed on the influence of solar elevation angle on models performance reveals that the worst results correspond to lower solar elevations. This could be a result of limitations in the transmittance parameterization for these elevations. Received May 21, 1999 Revised December 20, 1999     

Modification of a Parametrization of Shallow Convection in the Grey Zone Using a Mesoscale Model

In current operational numerical weather prediction models, the effect of shallow convection is parametrized. The grey zone of shallow convection is found between the horizontal resolutions of mesoscale numerical models (2–3 km) and large-eddy simulations (10–100 m or finer). At these horizontal scales the shallow convection is to some extent explicitly resolved by the model. The shallow-convection parametrization is still needed, but has to be regulated according to the model horizontal resolution. Here the behaviour of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale numerical weather prediction model Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale is examined in the grey zone and a new scale-adaptive surface closure of its shallow-convection parametrization, dependent on horizontal resolution, is defined based on large-eddy simulation. The new closure is tested on a series of numerical experiments and validated on a 15-day-long real case period. Its impact on the development of deep convection is examined in detail. The idealized simulations show promising results, as the mean profiles of the subgrid and resolved turbulence change in the desired way. Based on the real case tests our modification has a low impact on model performance, but is part of a set of upgrades of the current parametrization that is aimed to treat the shallow convection grey zone.     

Acidic deposition to forests: The 1985 chemistry of high elevation fog (CHEF) project

Abstract

The literature supporting significant water deposition directly from cloud and fog to the earth's surface is reviewed and previous aircraft and surface measurements of the acidity of this water are summarized. An overview of recent work on forest decline is given and an American (Mountain Cloud Chemistry Project) and Canadian (Chemistry of High Elevation Fog) program to look at the chemical deposition by clouds to high elevation forests, is‐described.

Preliminary measurements in late 1985 on two mountains in Quebec indicate that fog (cloud on the mountain) water pH values (≈3.8) near the summits (850–970 m) are much lower than precipitation pH values (≈ 4.3) at the same location; the summits are estimated to be in cloud 44% of the year with lower percentages at lower elevations; an estimate of total annual fog water deposition (77 cm) near the summit is similar to the average annual precipitation in Quebec; the estimated fog water hydrogen ion deposition (135 meq m^?2) is about three times that from the precipitation; the precipitation pH values may be lower (4.1 ver sus 4.3) at lower elevations with precipitation amounts perhaps 50% higher at higher elevations.     

Air Temperature Estimation with MODIS Data over the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Time series of MODIS land surface temperature(T_s) and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) products,combined with digital elevation model(DEM) and meteorological data from 2001 to 2012,were used to map the spatial distribution of monthly mean air temperature over the Northern Tibetan Plateau(NTP). A time series analysis and a regression analysis of monthly mean land surface temperature(T_s) and air temperature(T_a) were conducted using ordinary linear regression(OLR) and geographical weighted regression(GWR). The analyses showed that GWR,which considers MODIS T_s,NDVI and elevation as independent variables,yielded much better results [R_(Adj)~2 0.79; root-mean-square error(RMSE) =0.51℃–1.12℃] associated with estimating T_a compared to those from OLR(R_(Adj)~2= 0.40-0.78; RMSE = 1.60℃–4.38℃).In addition,some characteristics of the spatial distribution of monthly T_a and the difference between the surface and air temperature(T_d) are as follows. According to the analysis of the 0℃ and 10℃ isothermals,T_a values over the NTP at elevations of 4000–5000 m were greater than 10℃ in the summer(from May to October),and T_a values at an elevation of3200 m dropped below 0℃ in the winter(from November to April). T_a exhibited an increasing trend from northwest to southeast. Except in the southeastern area of the NTP,T d values in other areas were all larger than 0℃ in the winter.     

The albedo of snow for partially cloudy skies

The albedo of snow for different cloudiness conditions is an important parameter in the Earth's radiation budget analysis and in the study of snowpack's thermal conditions. In this study an efficient approximate method is derived to calculate the incident spectral solar flux and snow-cover albedo in terms of different atmospheric, cloud, and snow parameters. The global flux under partially cloudy skies is expressed in terms of the clear sky flux and a coefficient which models the effect of scattering and absorption by cloud patches and multiple reflections between the cloud base and snowcover. The direct and the diffuse components of the clear sky flux are obtained using the spectral flux outside the atmosphere and the spectral transmission coefficients for absorption and scattering by molecules and aerosols.The spectral snow reflectance model considers both specular surface reflection and volumetric multiple scattering. The surface reflection is calculated by using a crystal-shape-dependent bidirectional reflectance distribution function; the volumetric multiple scattering is calculated by using a crystal-size-dependent approximate solution in the radiative transfer equation. The input parameters to the model are atmospheric precipitable water, ozone content, turbidity, cloud optical thickness, the size and shape of ice crystals of snow and surface pressure. The model yields spectral and integrated solar flux and snow reflectance as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloudcover.The model is illustrated using representative parameters for the Antarctic coastal regions. The albedo for a clear sky depends inversely on the solar elevation. At high elevations the albedo depends primarily upon the grain size; at low elevation the albedo depends on grain size and shape. The gradient of the albedo-elevation curve increases as the grains become larger and faceted. The albedo for a densely overcast sky is a few percent higher than the clear-sky albedo at high elevations. A simple relationship between grain size and the overcast albedo is obtained. For a set of grain size and shape, the albedo as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloud cover is tabulated.     

定量研究雅安地形坡向坡度对降水分布的影响

利用四川省雅安市30 m分辨率基础高程数据,提取栅格的坡向和坡度参数,将雅安307个区域自动站在2017年汛期(6—9月)共50次的降水天气个例,分为16次大尺度降水和34次中小尺度降水,使用对应时次的欧洲中心细网格0.25°×0.25°再分析风场资料,根据不同的站点地形高度将风场合成平均风场,和各站点地形的坡向和坡度计算出其动力抬升作用,同时使用当天日照和天文太阳辐射值来计算地形的热力抬升作用,与对应降水过程的降水分布进行多元线性回归,根据回归的标准系数的大小确定各自变量对降水分布的影响,得出以下结论:(1)中小尺度降水中,地形的热力抬升作用对降水分布的影响作用最大,其次是海拔高度,地形的动力抬升作用在三者中对降水分布的影响最小;(2)在大尺度降水中刚好相反,地形的动力抬升对降水的分布影响作用最大,海拔次之,热力抬升作用在三者中影响作用最小;(3)日降水量最大值的站点海拔高度基本位于1 000 m左右,与抬升凝结高度对应较好;(4)从长期的统计来看,地形的动力作用和地表的植被情况对降水分布的影响最大。在实际预报工作用,根据不同的降水类型,关注不同的动力和热力作用对于判断降水分布大值区的位置有较好的参考作用。     

起伏地形下我国太阳直接辐射的分布式模拟

运用数据集群技术,建立了我国不同时空尺度直接透射率的估算模式,对比分析了不同模式的拟合精度。基于1km×1km分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,全面考虑了地形因子对太阳直接辐射的影响,实现了实际起伏地形下我国太阳直接辐射的分布式模拟,计算了我国范围内1km×1km分辨率1—12月气候平均太阳直接辐射的空间分布。结果表明:局地地形对太阳直接辐射空间分布的影响非常强烈,尤其是在太阳高度角较低的冬季和秋季;模拟结果可靠,可进行大数据量处理,适用于遥感图像处理、地理信息系统等数据处理平台。     

基于SRTM数据的天气雷达探测环境分析研究

利用SRTM高程数据作为选址基础数据,结合天气雷达工作方式和探测方法,计算得到天气雷达在0.5°、1.0°、2.4°仰角上地物遮挡情况;利用高程格点数据获得3个仰角的地物剖面数据,提高了SRTM数据利用精度和运算速度;分析中结合地球曲率和电磁波折射影响,改进算法获得站点遮蔽角图,站点上空1 km、海拔3和6 km等射束高度图及数据,该分析结果充分体现了SRTM数据的高分辨率特点。最后将结果数据与GIS地图结合,完成了四川省天气雷达网探测环境分析,并给出了各个台站评估结果。     

Elevational and latitudinal patterns of snow accumulation departures from normal in the Sierra Nevada

Summary This study investigates whether snowpack water equivalents in the northern and southern parts of the Sierra Nevada, or at high and low elevations in that range, have a tendency to acquire opposite departures from normal. Data from 28 snow courses were subjected to principal components analysis for February 1 and April 1 observations for the years 1954–1983. The first principal component indicated that there is a great deal of uniformity within the Sierra in terms of above- or below-normal accumulations in a given year. A second component had loadings depicting a pattern whereby high and low elevation sites have opposite departures from normal. Over the entire period of record this pattern accounted for a small percentage of the total variance, although in some years it was conspicuous. A third component indicated a tendency for northern and southern sites to have opposite departures from normal. Correlation coefficients were also obtained for 42 snow courses from 5 basins to further compare the relative influence of elevation and spatial separation. The correlation coefficients showed that elevation exerts a greater influence on the variation in departures from normal than does distance within drainage basins. These elevational differences in accumulation may have important consequences with regard to the timing of runoff and the availability of water stored in reservoirs.With 8 Figures     

Changes in Snow Mass Balance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Caused by CO2 Rise: Regional Atmosphere Model Results

Abstract

This study investigates snow mass balance in the Canadian Rockies under a relatively conservative Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission scenario for the twenty-first century through the use of regional atmosphere modelling. We dynamically downscale results from five 10-year subsets of general circulation model integrations to 6?km resolution to produce a physically consistent representation of the atmosphere at high elevations. Regional model results make evident greater warming with increasing elevation at low to mid-levels of the atmosphere, and a simple thermodynamic explanation of this process is presented. Simulated increases in atmospheric water vapour result in increases in cloud cover and precipitation at high elevations, which temporarily offset the effects of rising temperatures, but by 2100 all model elevations experience reductions in snow mass balance. A simple energy balance model produces reasonable estimates of changes in the elevation of equilibrium net snow accumulation, with increases between 185 and 197?m under an approximate 1.5°C rise in surface temperatures by 2100.