气候变化影响下林芝地区泥石流发育规律研究

从气候变化出发,介绍藏东南林芝地区泥石流类型、分布及活动特征,确定泥石流形成条件和临界指标,揭示林芝地区泥石流发育规律。温度和降水波动性变化以及不同水热组合影响林芝地区泥石流发育。冰川泥石流在温度升高或降雨增大情况下都有可能被激发。日降雨量＜5 mm时,主要为温度激发的冰雪消融型泥石流;日降雨量5～10 mm时,主要为冰川降雨型泥石流;日降雨量＞10 mm时,为降雨型泥石流。冰川泥石流在升温条件下发生次数占80%以上,降温条件下约占20%;降雨型泥石流在升温条件下发生次数占60%,降温条件下占40%。从激发泥石流的规模、次数和灾害大小看,高温多雨年代和低温多雨年代都有利于泥石流发生。     

玉屏县暴雨气候特征与日最大降雨量重现期分析

利用贵州玉屏国家气象站1959—2015年逐日降水资料及乡镇区域自动气象站2010—2015年逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计法、皮尔森-Ⅲ等方法,对玉屏县暴雨气候特征及日最大降雨量进行分析。结果表明:玉屏县暴雨日数年变化呈略上升趋势,20世纪70年代中期—80年代前期为暴雨偏少时段,60年代后期—70年代前期、80年代中后期为暴雨偏多时段。暴雨发生在夜间的概率较大,尤其是4—7月;玉屏县暴雨降雨持续时间大多在3~12 h之间,占72%。暴雨过程出现短时强降水的概率及极值较大。玉屏县有2个多暴雨中心,分别位于亚鱼乡、大龙镇。用皮尔森-Ⅲ推算,玉屏县10 a出现一次的日最大降雨量为114.8 mm,20 a出现一次的日最大降雨量为139.6 mm,50 a出现一次的日最大降雨量为174.0 mm。1960年出现的日降雨量226.2 mm,属于188 a重现一次,2007年出现的次大日降雨量191.9 mm,属于75 a重现一次。     

台江县近46 a降雨和降雨侵蚀力变化特征分析

基于台江县气象观测站1970年1月—2015年12月逐年、逐月降雨量、雨日资料,采用线性趋向、累计距平等方法分析了台江县年、季降雨量和雨日变化趋势,结果表明:台江县近46 a年平均降雨量呈减少趋势,雨日显减少趋势,除暴雨及以上量级雨量呈增加趋势外,其余量级为减少趋势,降雨量、雨日及量级雨量的趋势均说明降雨越来越集中,发生强降雨的频率在增大,从而易引发的气象灾害将对人类的生产和生活产生不利的影响;四季降雨量和降雨日数分布不均且呈减少趋势,其中春季和秋季降雨日数呈显著减少趋势,且夏和秋两季出现强降雨的频率较大,秋季降雨量及降雨日数减少趋势率均为最大,秋旱发生的概率相对增大;年平均夜间降雨量大于年平均白天降雨量,在春季的4月最为明显,降雨强度夜间大于白天;逐年降雨侵蚀力及其降雨引起的土壤侵蚀潜能呈增加趋势。     

一次局地大暴雨的分析

1 概述 1989年8月31日20时04分(北京时,下同)—9月1日03时44分,滁州市降了局地大暴雨,降雨量为103.5mm(其中23—24时的1/小时内降雨60.0mm)。其他两个较大的降雨站,一个是定远县,日降雨量26.0mm,另一个是全椒县,日降雨量16.9mm。滁县地区其他4站以及合肥、肥     

降雨天气对轨道交通客流量的波动影响研究

利用2018—2019年西安轨道交通日客流量数据和同期气象数据,通过计算客流基准值和客流波动率分析降雨天气时轨道交通客流量的波动变化,并通过曲线拟合的方式建立降雨量与客流波动之间的关系模型,探讨降雨对客流波动的影响规律及原因。结果表明：降雨量＜10 mm时,客流波动率集中在-01～01区域,且随着降雨的增大客流波动率有逐渐减小的趋势;当降雨量＜15 mm或≥15 mm时,客流波动率与降雨量均有显著的负相关关系,但≥15 mm时相关性更显著;当降雨量＜15 mm时,轨道交通客流量与降雨量有一定线性关系,总体随着降雨量增大波动率逐渐减小;在降雨量超过15 mm后客流波动呈现V型变化趋势。     

87.9莱阳暴雨分析

1987年9月3日夜间至4日,我市26处乡镇普降暴雨,全市平均降雨量83.4mm,17处乡镇降雨量超过80mm,降雨量最多的乡镇为109.0mm,最少的为53.0mm,本站降雨量为88.1mm。此次暴雨范围广,历时长,降雨强度较平稳,对解除干旱,促进秋作物的丰产,起到了很大的作用。     

天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期降雨特征及其影响分析

掌握新疆天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期降雨特征，对科学制定酿酒葡萄种植规划，采取趋利避害的生产管理技术措施具有实际意义。基于天山北坡35个气象站1961-2016年8-9月逐日降雨资料，采用线性趋势法和ArcGIS空间插值技术，对过去56a该区域酿酒葡萄成熟期（8-9月）降雨日数、降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气降雨强度等要素的时空变化进行研究，并对照前人关于该区域酿酒葡萄种植气候适宜性区划成果，对酿酒葡萄不同适宜种植区葡萄成熟期降雨特征及其影响进行分析。结果表明：天山北坡酿酒葡萄成熟期（8-9月）降雨日数、降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、降雨强度、大量以上降雨日数的空间分布均总体呈现随海拔高度的升高而增加的特点。1961-2016年，研究区酿酒葡萄成熟期除降雨日数总体以-1.16d·10a-1的倾向率极显著 (P=0.001)减少，大量以上降雨日数以0.07d·10a-1的倾向率显著 (P=0.05)增多外，降雨量、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气日数及其降雨量变化趋势均不显著。天山北坡酿酒葡萄种植气候最适宜和适宜区葡萄成熟期的降雨量、降雨日数、连阴雨天气次数、连阴雨天气日数及其降雨量都很小，期间总降雨量大多不足40 mm、降雨日数少于20 d、大量以上降雨日数不足1 d、连阴雨天气次数少于0.3次、连阴雨天气日数少于5d、连阴雨天气降雨量不足25mm，该分区降雨量以及连阴雨天气少，对提高酿酒葡萄产量和品质十分有利。酿酒葡萄次适宜种植区葡萄成熟期降雨天气稍多，降雨量40～90 mm、降雨日数20～25 d、大量以上降雨日数1～2 d、连阴雨天气次数0.3～1.0次、连阴雨天气日数5～8 d、连阴雨天气降雨量25～40 mm，对酿酒葡萄产量和品质有一定不利影响。天山北坡8-9月降雨量90 mm以上、降雨日数30d以上、大量以上降雨日数2d以上、连阴雨天气次数多于1.0次、连阴雨天气日数8d以上、连阴雨天气降雨量40 mm以上的区域均在海拔1500m以上的山区，该区域恰恰也是酿酒葡萄不适宜种植区，因此对酿酒葡萄无影响。综上所述，新疆天山北坡酿酒葡萄种植区尤其是适宜及最适宜种植区葡萄成熟期的降雨量、降雨日数、连阴雨天气次数和日数都较小，且近56a稳定少变，因此，对该区域酿酒葡萄生产的影响较小。     

宝成铁路陕西段降雨特征及未来趋势分析

以宝成铁路陕西段沿途5个代表站汛期逐日降雨资料为研究对象,采用趋势分析法和突变分析法对1961—2010年降雨特点进行分析,并采用小波分析法对其未来演变趋势进行预测,为宝成铁路水害研究提供理论依据。结果表明：不同等级降雨日和降雨量及区域平均降雨日和降雨量均随年代减少,20世纪90年代出现减少的突变;各级降雨日和降雨量及区域平均降雨日和降雨量自北向南逐渐增多,除凤县和略阳外,降雨日和降雨量年际间均表现出一致的减少趋势,广元站减少趋势较显著;小雨和中雨以年际震荡为主,大雨及以上降雨以年代际震荡为主;区域平均降雨量震荡周期与大雨及以上降雨量较一致,区域平均降雨日震荡周期与中雨较一致;未来小雨、大雨及以上和区域平均降雨日及降雨量将持续偏多,中雨降雨日及降雨量将先偏少后偏多。     

2010年惠州省运会开幕日期选定的气候背景分析

统计分析了惠阳观测站1954～2007年逐日的气象资料和2000～2007年逐时的降雨资料,结果表明：①5～8月是惠州市区降雨概率最大、降雨量和暴雨最集中时期,月和旬平均降雨概率都在50%以上,也是一年内高温、高湿、风速较小和暴雨、台风、雷电、短时强降水等气象灾害频繁发生的时期;②开幕时间不宜选在“龙舟水”期间和8月;③从降雨概率的角度分析较适宜举办开幕式的日期有5月6、9日和7月9～11日,其中5月上旬气温适宜,7月上中旬气温较高易出现高温天气。     

自动与人工观测降雨量的差异及相关性

利用全国627个基准、基本站2005年自动与人工雨量业务观测资料, 分析了业务上自动与人工观测的降雨量的差异以及引起差异的原因, 并分析了自动观测与人工观测的降雨量的相关性。结果表明:自动观测比人工观测的日降雨量平均偏高0.12 mm, 标准差为0.70 mm, 相对偏高1.42%。627个站中, 80%的站自动与人工观测的年降雨量差值在5%以内; 近4%的站年降雨量差值在10%以上。年降雨量相对差值较大的站, 其年降雨量均较小。空间采样差、20:00 (北京时) 定时观测中人工与自动观测时间的不一致以及其他突发事件均会导致自动与人工测量的日降雨量的差异, 甚至显著差异。由于观测仪器不同引起的降雨测量系统误差差别, 导致自动与人工观测降雨量的系统偏差。自动观测与人工观测的日降雨量呈线性相关, 相关系数为0.9988。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...