Response of fine particulate matter to reductions in anthropogenic emissions in Beijing during the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation summit

研究使用全球大气化学传输模式GEOS-Chem高分辨率(1/4°×5/16°)区域嵌套版本评估2014年亚洲-太平洋经济合作峰会(APEC)期间不同地区不同污染物减排对北京地区PM_(2.5)(粒径小于2.5μm的气溶胶颗粒,本文中定义为硫酸盐、硝酸银、铵盐、一次有机碳和黑碳气溶胶浓度之和)浓度降低的不同影响。在2014年10月15日至11月29日期间,模拟结果表明:模式可以重现观测结果中PM_(2.5)及主要气态污染物(一氧化碳、二氧化氮和二氧化硫)浓度的日变化趋势。在APEC期间,模拟PM_(2.5)浓度相比会议前期和会议后期下降55.9%–58.5%,与观测结果具有较好的一致性。敏感性实验结果表明:APEC期间华北地区氮氧化物和一次有机碳的减排对于北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度的降低影响最为显著,相应减排措施致使北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度分别下降5.7%和4.6%。同时,对氨气排放的控制可以有效地降低整个华北地区在APEC期间的PM_(2.5)浓度。     

北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。     

APEC会议期间呼和浩特市大气污染防控与气象条件分析

利用2014年10月14日至11月13日欧亚地区高空和地面气象常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料及内蒙古环境监测中心站的污染物浓度监测资料和AQI日资料,分析了APEC会议前后呼和浩特市大气污染防控效果及气象条件的作用。结果表明:2014年10月14—25日内蒙古自治区实施大气污染防控前,呼和浩特市轻度及以上污染日数比2013年同期上升37.5%;10月26日开始采取减排措施,污染颗粒物浓度大幅下降,呼和浩特市轻度及以上污染日数比2013年同期下降100.0%。大气污染防控期间,中国华北地区出现了4次较明显的冷空气活动,较强的冷平流由中高层侵入地面,呼和浩特市风力加大,有利于污染物扩散,4次冷空气活动全部对应呼和浩特市空气质量指数AQI最低值。因此,APEC会议期间呼和浩特市空气质量达优良等级,可能是结合了气象条件进行的政府防控取得了显著效果。     

天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征 和数浓度分布

利用天津城区2009-2014年春节期间大气气溶胶观测资料和相关气象资料,重点分析2013和2014年春节期间气溶胶污染特征,探求燃放烟花爆竹以及气象条件对春节期间大气气溶胶的影响。结果表明,受燃放烟花爆竹影响,春节期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值均发生在除夕夜间;持续雾霾天气条件下燃放烟花爆竹,造成2013年除夕夜间PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值达到1240μg·m～(-3),是近年来最严重的一次;2014年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放量有所减少,加之空气扩散条件较为有利,PM_(2.5)质量浓度显著低于2013年;不同天气条件下,气溶胶数浓度谱分布特征存在明显差异,燃放烟花爆竹期间气溶胶数浓度水平与严重雾-霾天气相当。     

黄山地区复杂地形下污染气体输送过程的数值模拟

使用新一代大气化学传输模式WRF—Chem,模拟了黄山地区2008年4月26日和5月2日不同天气背景下污染气体的输送过程。结果表明：晴天条件下,污染气体的垂直输送主要是通过山谷风环流,将山底污染物垂直向山顶输送,黄山周边地区输送对光明顶污染物体积分数影响较小,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是新粒子生成;云雾天气下,污染物的垂直输送主要是通过边界层内的湍流扩散,夜间近距离输送对光明顶污染物体积分数贡献较大,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是地面输送。     

北京城区秋冬季节气溶胶浓度分布规律及其与天气类型的关系

本文讨论了秋冬季节北京地区气溶胶浓度的分布规律.气溶胶平均浓度的分布呈椭圆形,长轴方向为西北—东南向.气溶胶高浓度中心在东郊发电厂,其平均浓度值为0.98毫克/米~3,它比怀柔地区高一个量级. 气溶胶浓度分布与天气条件有密切关系,当北京处于晴朗、小风天气,局地环流占控制地位时,气溶胶污染最为严重.连续性降水过程使气溶胶污染得到明显净化.     

北京冬季雾霾事件的气象特征分析

利用观测的气象要素和细颗粒物(即PM2.5)浓度资料,并结合中尺度数值天气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),对2013年1月北京地区雾霾污染期间天气条件和边界层气象特征进行了分析。模拟与观测对比表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映北京—天津—河北地区地面和高空主要气象要素的时空分布。对1月10~14日、27~31日两次重雾霾天气的分析表明,雾霾的形成是高浓度的大气颗粒物和特殊的气象条件共同作用的结果。小风或静风、稳定的大气层结,使大气扩散能力减弱,造成污染物堆积,偏南气流将周边污染物和水汽输送到北京,不仅增加了污染物浓度,而且有利于气溶胶吸湿增长,消光增强,使能见度下降,进而形成雾霾。     

A case study of air quality control in Beijing and the surrounding area during the 2015 World Championships and Parade

本文利用卫星监测评估了2015年世界锦标赛和阅兵期间北京及周边地区空气质量变化,同时评估了活动期间实施的减排计划对空气污染物(NO_2,SO_2和气溶胶)产生的影响。研究结果显示与前三年(2012–2014年)同期卫星观测结果相比,北京及周边地区在活动期间NO_2和SO_2等其他空气污染物明显更低。同时研究也发现在活动期间,弱冷气团作用下的环流条件有利于北京空气污染物的去除。     

北京地区两次重污染过程中PM_(2.5)浓度爆发性增长及维持的气象条件

基于京津冀地区80个环境监测站PM_(2.5)浓度逐时监测资料和气象观测资料,以2016年12月16—21日和2017年1月1—7日雾和霾天气为例,分析PM_(2.5)浓度演变的气象条件。结果表明:气象条件在北京地区污染物浓度爆发性增长过程中具有重要作用。北京地区12月19—20日PM_(2.5)浓度出现爆发性增长,小时浓度在8 h内上升201μg·m~(-3),主要是边界层南风分量由地面增厚至700 m,700 m以上弱下沉抑制作用,结合地面辐合线维持所致;20—21日北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度维持高值且无日变化,是由于低空1.5 km出现弱回暖,逆温层显著增厚增强且无明显日变化,导致高浓度气溶胶无法有效扩散。综合来看,2016年12月16—21日污染物浓度爆发性增长的原因以外源性污染物输送为主;2017年1月3—4日污染物浓度爆发性增长原因与局地极端不利扩散条件及污染排放等其他因素有关。     

华北地区典型污染天大气气溶胶飞机探测个例分析

利用2005年10月17日华北地区一次典型污染天气条件下的飞机探测资料,对石家庄和邯郸气溶胶的微物理特征进行了对比分析,初步讨论了该天气条件下大气气溶胶污染的微观特征和可能原因。结果表明,观测当天石家庄和邯郸地区的气溶胶粒子浓度很高,边界层内气溶胶平均数浓度为103cm-3量级,最高值出现在近地面附近,达到104cm-3量级;边界层以上的数浓度基本都在103cm-3量级,属于空气污染比较严重的一次过程。造成污染的原因是该日晴天风小,大气湍流较弱,不利于污染物扩散和稀释。基于美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT4)对颗粒物进行溯源和追踪分析,发现造成气溶胶浓度较高的气块传输路径主要为西北和偏西路径,境外源主要来自蒙古国,境内源主要来自我国西部,途经甘肃、宁夏、陕西及山西后进入河北。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences