商丘市极端天气气候事件变化趋势

利用1961~2004年逐日气象资料,分析了商丘市近44年来极端天气气候事件的变化趋势。结果表明:近44年来,商丘市暴雨、大暴雨和达到极端干旱标准的总天数都存在增加的趋势,但是这种趋势在统计上并不显著。极端高温事件年发生频率增加而极端低温事件发生频率减少;季节变化以冬、夏两季最为明显,其中冬季极端高温事件增加而极端低温事件减少,变化趋势都通过了99%的显著性水平检验;夏季与冬季变化趋势相反,其中极端高温事件显著减少,通过95%的显著性水平检验。寒冷期长度和炎热期长度都显著减少,分别通过99%和95%的显著性水平检验。     

1960—2009年咸宁市气候变化特征

利用1960—2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10 a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春季与秋季对气候变暖的响应较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a咸宁市年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著,其余季节无明显相关性。     

全球气候变暖背景下水城县近30a气温与降水变化的新特征

该文基于水城县国家气象观测站1986—2015年的逐日观测资料,利用线性回归、Morlet小波分析等方法,对水城县近30 a气温和降水的气候特征进行分析。结果表明：①水城县年平均气温在近30 a来呈现显著的上升趋势,其中春、夏、秋三季的平均温度对年平均气温的增加起到了重要贡献,且冬季在近15 a来更容易发生极端暖冬与冷冬事件;②水城县年平均降水量在近30 a来存在一定的减少趋势,但与气温不同,夏、秋两季的降水占到了全年的75%以上,从而与全年降水量的变化特征息息相关,并且在气候变暖的背景之下,水城县夏、秋季的降水在2000年以来年际变率显著变大,从而导致当地更容易出现极端的旱涝事件;③过去30 a水城县的年极端最高气温出现在春季和初夏的次数最多,3—6月共有25次,占比高达80.6%,年极端最低温所出现的月份则主要集中在冬季（12月—翌年1月）;④水城县平均气温的增加与极端降水的变化之间存在密切联系,水城县年均暴雨日数主要集中在6—8月,在全年暴雨日数中占比达到79%（51 d）,而水城县近30 a的年暴雨日数在气温升高、总降水量减少的背景之下仍出现了显著的增加趋势。     

新、旧气候态差异及对中国地区气候和极端事件评估业务的影响

利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。     

1960-2009年咸宁市气候变化特征分析

利用1960-2009年咸宁市3个地面气象站气象资料,统计分析近50 a来该区域气温、降水等主要气候要素的年变化、四季变化及年代际变化的趋势特征。结果表明：近50 a研究区气温有上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃/10a,年平均气温在20世纪90年代末发生突变。春秋季平均气温分别在2002年和1999年发生突变,夏季平均气温在2006年发生突变,冬季平均气温早在1990年发生突变。春季与秋季平均气温的变化比较一致,冬季平均气温对全球变暖响应最敏感,春秋与秋季对气候变暖的响应是比较敏感,而夏季对气候变暖的响应最为迟缓。近50 a年降水量呈波动但无明显增降的趋势,其中春夏两季变化趋势较为一致并有下降的趋势,且春夏降水量的变化主导着年降水量的变化;而冬季降水量有上升的趋势。通过对气温与降水变化趋势的比较,发现冬季对气候变化的响应最显著、其余季节无明显相关性。     

1951-2006年包头气温极端事件变化分析

利用包头气象站1951-2006年逐日平均气温资料,建立了高温和低温极端气候事件的阈值,检测了56年来包头逐日气温的极端事件出现频率,分析了极端事件的年、季、月变率。统计了逐日平均气温的各级别出现频数。结果显示：该地区56年里气温显著升高,平均每10年升高0．42℃;在56年时间尺度上平均气温有明显的由冷变暖的突变特征,突变点为1987年;气候变暖后,高温事件明显增多,低温事件明显减少。     

气候变暖背景下贺州地区水资源的变化特征

利用贺州站1957—2011年月平均气温及月降水资料,分析了气候变暖背景下该地区55a来的降水以及水资源的季节、年际和年代际变化。研究表明：在气候变暖的背景下,贺州地区年降水量有增加趋势,年蒸发量呈下降趋势,相应的可利用降水呈增加趋势,但趋势均不明显。该地区的水资源在各季节的分配极不均匀,春季和初夏是最易发生洪涝灾害的季节,秋季是最易发生干旱的季节,同时还可能发生夏秋冬连旱的现象。     

石家庄极端冷暖天气气候事件及其与气候变暖

用石家庄市1955～2002年逐日气温资料，取其第95个和第5个百分位值作为确定极端高(低)温日的阈值来检测极端冷暖事件。对发生在2002年的极端冷暖事件进行检测分析证明，上述方法能比较有效地检测极端冷暖事件的发生。计算气温趋势变率表明，石家庄气候有明显的增暖趋势，随气候变暖夏季持续性强高温和破记录高温事件的出现频次增加；寒冷期趋于缩短；极端冷日趋于减少，极端暖日趋于增加。用季极端冷(暖)日数与气温求取相关的方法，分析各季极端冷暖事件与气候变暖的联系发现，气候变暖对冬季极端冷日减少的影响最甚。城市化效应使城市变暖趋势速率高于郊区，尤以最低气温表现明显；暖事件增多、冷事件减少的趋势速率也是城市高于郊区，且冷事件减少速率高于暖事件增多速率。在气候变暖背景下应特别重视冬季冷事件减少给人类带来的潜在影响。     

气候变化背景下陆地极端降水和温度变化区域差异

利用月平均地表气候要素数据集(CRU TS 3.22)和百分位的方法定义极端事件,分析了19012012年气候变化背景下极端降水和温度变化的趋势特征以及在气温相对冷暖时段极端事件发生频率的区域差异,重点关注20世纪70年代中后期至90年代末的加速变暖时段和1998 2012年变暖减缓时段。结果表明,在全球平均气温显著上升的112年中,全球极端强降水事件和极端高温事件均表现出增多的趋势,极端低温事件呈现减少的趋势。夏季极端强降水事件发生频率在加速变暖时段的分布与1956 1976年相近,高值区位于北美中高纬、南美洲和欧亚大陆低纬地区,在变暖减缓时段北美中高纬地区变为低值区,而欧亚大陆中纬度地区频率增大。冬季极端强降水事件发生频率大值区在变暖减缓时段位于南美洲北部、欧亚大陆和大洋洲西部地区,北美洲和非洲南部为明显的低值区。全球极端高温事件发生频率在气温偏暖时段明显增大,欧亚大陆中东部地区在加速变暖时段是冬季极端高温事件发生频率大值区。极端低温事件发生频率的变化与极端高温事件相反,但欧亚大陆中纬度地区在相对较暖的1931 1955年是冬季极端低温事件发生频率高值区,大于最冷的1901 1930年和相对较冷的1956 1976年。与加速变暖时段相比,变暖减缓时段大洋洲西北部夏季与冬季的极端低温事件和欧亚大陆中高纬冬季极端低温事件明显增多。     

铁岭市近45年气候变化特征分析

利用线性倾向率、滑动平均等方法，对铁岭市1960--2004年间4个气象观测站的月平均气温、降水量、平均最高气温、平均最低气温以及初终霜、无霜期、积温、透雨等资料进行分析，结果发现铁岭市近45年气候变化特点为温度呈上升、降水略减少的趋势，特别是近15年，气温增暖幅度加大，降水春夏两季减少明显；但各季增温幅度差异较大，对气候变暖贡献最大的是冬季，平均最低气温升温幅度明显高于平均最高气温，气温日较差变小；初霜拖后、终霜提前及无霜期延长，积温明显增多，透雨偏晚频率增大，极端气候事件出现的几率增大。     

Prediction Research of Climate Change Trends over North China in the Future 30 Years

A simulation of climate change trends over North China in the past 50 years and future 30 years was performed with the actual greenhouse gas concentration and IPCC SRES B2 scenario concentration by IAP/LASG GOALS 4.0 （Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system coupled model）, developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG）, Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP）, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS）. In order to validate the model, the modern climate during 1951-2000 was first simulated by the GOALS model with the actual greenhouse gas concentration, and the simulation results were compared with observed data. The simulation results basically reproduce the lower temperature from the 1960s to mid-1970s and the warming from the 1980s for the globe and Northern Hemisphere, and better the important cold （1950 1976） and warm （1977-2000） periods in the past 50 years over North China. The correlation coefficient is 0.34 between simulations and observations （significant at a more than 0.05 confidence level）. The range of winter temperature departures for North China is between those for the eastern and western China＇s Mainland. Meanwhile, the summer precipitation trend turning around the 1980s is also successfully simulated. The climate change trends in the future 30 years were simulated with the CO2 concentration under IPCC SRES-B2 emission scenario. The results show that, in the future 30 years, winter temperature will keep a warming trend in North China and increase by about 2.5~C relative to climate mean （1960-1990）. Meanwhile, summer precipitation will obviously increase in North China and decrease in South China, displaying a south-deficit-north-excessive pattern of precipitation.     

Recent Progress in Studies of Climate Change in China

An overview of basic research on climate change in recent years in China is presented. In the past 100 years in China, average annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) has increased at a rate ranging from 0.03℃ (10 yr)-1 to 0.12℃ (10 yr)-1 . This warming is more evident in northern China and is more significant in winter and spring. In the past 50 years in China, at least 27% of the average annual warming has been caused by urbanization. Overall, no significant trends have been detected in annual and/or summer precipitation in China on a whole for the past 100 years or 50 years. Both increases and decreases in frequencies of major extreme climate events have been observed for the past 50 years. The frequencies of extreme temperature events have generally displayed a consistent pattern of change across the country, while the frequencies of extreme precipitation events have shown only regionally and seasonally significant trends. The frequency of tropical cyclone landfall decreased slightly, but the frequency of sand/dust storms decreased significantly. Proxy records indicate that the annual mean SAT in the past a few decades is the highest in the past 400-500 years in China, but it may not have exceeded the highest level of the Medieval Warm Period (1000-1300 AD). Proxy records also indicate that droughts and floods in eastern China have been characterized by continuously abnormal rainfall periods, with the frequencies of extreme droughts and floods in the 20th century most likely being near the average levels of the past 2000 years. The attribution studies suggest that increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere are likely to be a main factor for the observed surface warming nationwide. The Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins underwent a cooling trend in summer over the past 50 years, which might have been caused by increased aerosol concentrations and cloud cover. However, natural climate variability might have been a main driver for the mean and extreme precipitation variations observed over the past century. Climate models generally perform well in simulating the variations of annual mean SAT in China. They have also been used to project future changes in SAT under varied GHG emission scenarios. Large uncertainties have remained in these model-based projections, however, especially for the projected trends of regional precipitation and extreme climate events.     

全球气候变化对我国气候安全影响的思考

依据政府间气候变化专门委员会 (IPCC) 第5次评估报告以及国内相关科学研究成果,使用最新的观测资料凝练了对全球气候变化的有关认识;从极端天气气候事件和气候承载力角度,分析了气候变化给我国带来的气候风险。研究发现:1961—2015年我国平均高温日数增加了28.4%,暴雨日数增加了8.2%。21世纪以来,登陆我国热带气旋的强度明显增加。在全球气候变暖的背景下,我国气候承载力将发生明显变化,未来面临的气候风险将加大。因此,保障我国气候安全,需要科学认识气候,提高气候风险意识; 主动适应气候,提高应对极端事件能力;努力保护气候,减缓气候变化的影响。     

气候变暖前后我国热度日和冷度日的特征分析

基于全国1960—2011年气象台站的逐日资料,运用度日分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法研究了气候变暖前后我国热度日(HDD)、冷度日(CDD)的变化情况。结果表明,我国北方及高原地区冬季气温在1987年前后发生突变,气候变暖后HDD有所下降;我国南方夏季气温在1997年前后发生突变,气候变暖后CDD有所上升。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和环流指数资料进一步分析气候变暖前后的环流场特征,发现冬季AO指数与我国东北、华北、新疆西藏部分地区HDD具有显著的负相关关系,AO指数偏强(弱)时,强冷空气活动减少(增加),HDD减小(增大);夏季西太平洋副高面积指数与我国南方地区CDD具有显著的正相关关系,副高面积指数偏强(弱)时,晴热高温天气增加(减少),CDD增大(减小)。     

The 2009 Summer Low Temperature in Northeast China and Its Association with Prophase Changes of the Air-Sea System

Under the background of global warming, summer (JJA) low temperature events in Northeast China had not occurred for about 15 yr since 1994, but one such event took place in 2009. By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the 100-yr station temperature data at Harbin and Changchun, and the Hadley Center sea surface temperature (SST) data, this paper intends to reveal the cause, circulation background, and influencing factors of this event. Analysis of both horizontal and vertical circulations of a low-value system over Northeast China in summer 2009 during the low temperature event shows that anomalous activities of the Northeast China cold vortex (NECV) played the most direct role. A decadal cooling trend of-0.8 C (10 yr)-1 over 1999-2008 at Changchun and Harbin was found, which is obviously out-of-phase with the linear warming trend (0.2 C (10 yr)-1 ) over 1961-2000 for Northeast China in response to the global warming. The previous winter North Pacific polar vortex (NPPV) area index, significantly positively related to the observed summer temperatures of Harbin and Changchun, was also in a significantly declining tendency. These provide favorable decadal backgrounds for the 2009 low temperature event. Different from the average anomaly field of 500-hPa height for summer 1994-2008 in Northeast China, in the summer of 2009, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) showed a strong negative phase distribution, and significant negative height anomalies dominated Northeast Asia, Aleutian Islands, and North Atlantic. Furthermore, the negative phase of North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the winter of 2008 was obviously strong, and it maintained in the spring of 2009. Meanwhile, the SSTA in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific Ocean in the winter of 2008 showed a La Nina phase, but the strength of the La Nina weakened obviously in the spring of 2009. The abnormally strong activities of NECV in June and July of 2009 were related to the disturbances of stationary waves that replaced the original ultra-long waves over the North Pacific region in April and May 2009. The singular value decomposition (SVD) and harmonic analysis results suggest that the anomalous phase of NPO is an important precursor for summer temperature variations over Northeast China, and also a stable planetary-scale component that can be extracted from the atmospheric circulation in addition to the chaotic components on the synoptic scale.     

20世纪80～90年代我国气候增暖进程的统计事实

运用统计诊断方法分析了近50年来我国年平均及四季的气温变化特征，重点研究了20世纪90年代和80年代气温变化的主要差异及其增暖进程。结果表明，我国年平均气温是呈上升趋势的，但80年代以前年代际变化并不明显, 升温幅度不大。我国气候增暖始于20世纪80年代后期，90年代增暖加速，急剧增暖的主要原因是长江流域以南地区经历了由偏冷向偏暖的趋势转变。我国四季气温变化趋势在80～90年代增暖的进程中存在明显差异:其中冬季增暖开始时间最早、幅度最大、持续时间最长；90年代我国气候增暖急剧加速，其原因除了冬季气温持续攀升作用外，春、夏、秋季气温上升, 特别是春、夏季增暖幅度的加大增暖区域的显著扩展也起到很重要的作用。     

近20年气候变暖对东北农业生产水热条件影响的研究

针对东北气候变化影响研究中对增温正效应关注较多, 而对水热匹配等综合影响研究不够的情况, 利用东北地区1961~2000年56个气象站的气象资料, 对近20年东北气候变暖的特点, 温度升高的同时大气干湿程度及水热匹配状况的变化等相关现象进行了较详细的分析。提出东北气候变暖主要表现于冬季, 20世纪90年代变暖明显, 南部大于北部; 夏季增温幅度有限, 不很稳定, 仍时有温度偏低发生, 并同时出现高温日数增多等极端异常气候事件; 最低温度升高幅度大于最高温度的升高幅度, 导致温度日较差变小, 冬季更加明显; 大气水分盈亏状况和水热状况在10年时间尺度上没有明显的变化, 但20世纪90年代中后期出现暖干化趋势, 并由春季转至夏季, 西部和南部比较明显, 对农作物不利等结论。为克服盲目性, 客观评估东北气候变化及其影响, 正确进行农业布局和种植结构调整提供一定的科学依据。     

The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21. Additionally, the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific(WNP). Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall in China, but the Atlantic and Indian Oceans seem to have played dominant roles. Enhancement and movement of the Siberian High caused a wavier pattern in the jet stream that allowed cold polar air to reach southward, inducing cold surges in China. Large vertical wind shear and low humidity in the WNP were responsible for fewer typhoons in the first half of the typhoon season. Although it is known that global warming can increase the frequency of extreme weather and climate events, its influences on individual events still need to be quantified.Additionally, the extreme cold surge during 16–18 February 2021 in the United States shares similar mechanisms with the winter 2020/21 extreme cold surges in China.